Review Article

A Review on Plant-Derived Immunomodulatory Agents: Hopes as an Alternative Medicine in the Management of Immune-Related Disorders

Abstract

In humans, the immune system serves as a protective barrier against infection; however, when the immune system is out of balance, it can harm the host. Immunomodulators are chemicals or medications that have been employed in the clinic to treat an unbalanced immune response. The majority of immunological medicines in clinical use are cytotoxic. They harm the patient's quality of life by causing various side effects and being associated with higher production costs, longer lead times, and a high failure rate. Furthermore, obtaining single-compound chemicals with low toxicity, high efficacy, and selectivity for specified disorders is difficult for researchers. As a result, techniques based on alternative medicine are gaining traction in drug development, focusing on innovative natural compounds utilized to treat various disorders. Many plant molecules founded to have biologically beneficial properties. This review aimed to look at the immunomodulatory activity of plant-derived chemicals from widely used plants that treat a range of diseases worldwide.

Nicholson LB. The immune system. Essays Biochem. 2016;60:275-301.

El-Radhi AS. Pathogenesis of Fever. Clinical Manual of Fever in Children. 2019;

pp 53-68.

Koenderman L, Buurman W, Daha MR. The innate immune response. Immunol Lett 2014;162:95-102.

Nelson AM, Reddy SK, Ratliff TS, Hossain MZ, Katseff AS, et al. dsRNA released by tissue damage activates tlr3 to drive skin regeneration. Cell stem cell 2015;17:139-151.

Rosales C, Uribe-Querol E. Phagocytosis: a fundamental process in immunity. Biomed Res Int 2017;9042851.

Shamri R, Xenakis JJ, Spencer LA. Eosinophils in innate immunity: an evolving story. Cell Tissue Res 2011;343:57-83.

Rosales C, Lowell CA, Schnoor M, Uribe-Querol E. Neutrophils: their role in innate and adaptive immunity 2017. J Immunol Res 2017;2017:9748345.

Rosales C. Neutrophil: a cell with many roles in inflammation or several cell types? Front Physiol 2018;9:113.

Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G, Sboarina A, Vella A. The role of basophils as innate immune regulatory cells in allergy and immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018;14:815-831.

Abraham SN, St John AL. Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 2010;10:440-452.

Hirayama D, Iida T, Nakase H. The Phagocytic Function of Macrophage-Enforcing Innate Immunity and Tissue Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017;19:92.

Tai Y, Wang Q, Korner H, Zhang L, Wei W. Molecular mechanisms of T cells activation by dendritic cells in autoimmune diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:642.

Lee CC, Avalos AM, Ploegh HL. Accessory molecules for Toll-like receptors and their function. Nat Rev Immunol 2012;12:168-179.

O'Neill LA, Golenbock D, Bowie AG. The history of Toll-like receptors - redefining innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013;13:453-460.

Vijay K. Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future. Int Immunopharmacol 2018;59:391-412.

Yazdani R, Sharifi M, Shirvan AS, Azizi G, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. Characteristics of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and their role in immunological disorders (an update). Cell Immunol 2015;298:66-76.

Mai J, Virtue A, Shen J, Wang H, Yang XF. An evolving new paradigm: endothelial cells--conditional innate immune cells. J Hematol Oncol 2013;6:61.

Pasupuleti M, Schmidtchen A, Malmsten M. Antimicrobial peptides: key components of the innate immune system. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012;32:143-171.

Yang Y, Bazhin AV, Werner J, Karakhanova S. Reactive oxygen species in the immune system. Int Rev Immunol 2013;32:249-270.

Bogdan C, Röllinghoff M, Diefenbach A. The role of nitric oxide in innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2000;173:17-26.

Pettengill MA, van Haren SD, Levy O. Soluble mediators regulating immunity in early life. Front Immunol 2014;5:457.

Striz I, Brabcova E, Kolesar L, Sekerkova A. Cytokine networking of innate immunity cells: a potential target of therapy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014;126:593-612.

Bradley JR. TNF-α mediated inflammatory disease. J Pathol 2008;214:149-160.

Dinarello CA. Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity. Immunol Rev 2018;281:8-27.

Ivashkiv LB, Donlin LT. Regulation of type I interferon responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2014;14:36-49.

McNab F, Mayer-Barber K, Sher A, Wack A, O'Garra A. Type I interferons in infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2015;15:87-103.

Yan N, Chen ZJ. Intrinsic antiviral immunity. Nat Immunol 2012;13:214-222.

Watford WT, Moriguchi M, Morinobu A, O'Shea JJ. The biology of IL-12: coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003;14:361-368.

Ohteki T. Critical role for IL-15 in innate immunity. Curr Mol Med 2002;2:371-380.

Iyer SS, Cheng G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2012;32:23-63.

Travis MA, Sheppard D. TGF-β activation and function in immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2014;32:51-82.

Oh SA, Li MO. TGF-β: guardian of T cell function. J Immunol 2013;191:3973-3979.

Proudfoot AE, Bonvin P, Power CA. Targeting chemokines: Pathogens can, why can't we? Cytokine 2015;74:259-267.

Deshmane SL, Kremlev S, Amini S, Sawaya BE. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009;29:313-326.

Rus H, Cudrici C, Niculescu F. The role of the complement system in innate immunity. Immunol Res 2005;33:103-112.

Murugaiah V, Tsolaki AG, Kishore U. Collectins: innate immune pattern recognition molecules. Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1204:75-127.

Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 2018;9:754.

Esmon CT, Xu J, Lupu F. Innate immunity and coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):182-188.

Takeda K, Akira S. Roles of Toll-like receptors in innate immune responses. Genes Cells 2001;6:733-742.

Ting JP, Duncan JA, Lei Y. How the noninflammasome NLRs function in the innate immune system. Science 2010;327:286-290.

Mnich ME, van Dalen R, van Sorge NM. C-Type Lectin Receptors in Host Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020;10:309.

Matsumiya T, Imaizumi T, Yoshida H, Satoh K, Topham MK, et al. The levels of retinoic acid-inducible gene I are regulated by heat shock protein 90-alpha. J Immunol 2009;182:2717-2725.

Bonilla FA, Oettgen HC. Adaptive immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:S33-40.

Jacysyn JF, Abrahamsohn IA, Macedo MS. Modulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity during the time course of immune response to a protein antigen. Immunology 2001;102:373-379.

Ollila J, Vihinen M. B cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:518-523.

Fabbri M, Smart C, Pardi R. T lymphocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003;35:1004-1008.

Slifka MK, Amanna IJ. Passive Immunization. Plotkin's Vaccines 2018;84-95.e10.

Fischer A, Notarangelo LD, Neven B, Cavazzana M, Puck JM. Severe combined immunodeficiencies and related disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015;1:15061.

German Advisory Committee Blood (Arbeitskreis Blut), Subgroup ‘Assessment of Pathogens Transmissible by Blood’. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Transfus Med Hemother 2016;43:203-222. .

Galli SJ, Tsai M, Piliponsky AM. The development of allergic inflammation. Nature 2008;454:445-454.

Fajgenbaum DC, June CH. Cytokine storm. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2255-2273.

Vitali C, Minniti A, Pignataro F, Maglione W, Del Papa N. Management of Sjögren's syndrome: present issues and future perspectives. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:676885.

Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND, Mehrizi AA. A review of combination adjuvants for malaria vaccines: a promising approach for vaccine development. Int J Parasitol 2021;51:699-717.

Reed SG, Bertholet S, Coler RN, Friede M. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. Trends Immunol 2009;30:23-32.

Miller EA, Ernst JD. Anti-TNF immunotherapy and tuberculosis reactivation: another mechanism revealed. J Clin Invest 2009;119:1079-1082.

Lees CW, Maan AK, Hansoti B, Satsangi J, Arnott ID. Tolerability and safety of mercaptopurine in azathioprine-intolerant patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27:220-227.

Patwardhan B, Gautam M. Botanical immunodrugs: scope and opportunities. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:495-502.

Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D, Sundram KM, Yoga Latha L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants' extracts. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2011;8:1-10.

Saeidnia S, Manayi A, Abdollahi M. From in vitro experiments to in vivo and clinical studies; pros and cons. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2015;12:218-224.

Kinghorn AD, Pan L, Fletcher JN, Chai H. The relevance of higher plants in lead compound discovery programs. J Nat Prod 2011;74:1539-1555.

Srivastava N, Khatoon S, Rawat AK, Rai V, Mehrotra S. Chromatographic estimation of p-coumaric acid and triacontanol in an Ayurvedic root drug patala (Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb.). J Chromatogr Sci 2009;47:936-939.

Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants: An illustrated dictionary, 1st ed. Springer, New York, 2007; pp 626-627

Maji, Amal & Samanta, Sourav & Mahapatra, Subhadip & Banerji, Pratim & Banerjee, Debdulal.In-vivo immunomodulatory activity of standardized Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC. root extract. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine. 2013.14. 47-54.

Saha S, Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Ancient Sci Life 2012:31:151-159.

Nair PK, Melnick SJ, Ramachandran R, Escalon E, Ramachandran C. Mechanism of macrophage activation by (1,4)-alpha-D-glucan isolated from Tinospora cordifolia. Int Immunopharmacol 2006;6:1815-1824.

Nair PK, Rodriguez S, Ramachandran R, Alamo A, Melnick SJ, et al. Immune stimulating properties of a novel polysaccharide from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia. Int Immunopharmacol 2004;4:1645-1659.

Sharma U, Bala M, Kumar N, Singh B, Munshi RK, et al. Immunomodulatory active compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;141:918-926.

Na-Bangchang K, Plengsuriyakarn T, Karbwang J. Research and development of atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. as a promising candidate for cholangiocarcinoma chemotherapeutics. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017;2017:5929234.

Kotawong K, Chaijaroenkul W, Muhamad P, Na-Bangchang K. Cytotoxic activities and effects of atractylodin and β-eudesmol on the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on cholangiocarcinoma cell line. J Pharmacol Sci 2018;136:51-56.

Mathema VB, Chaijaroenkul W, Karbwang J, Na-Bangchang K. Growth inhibitory effect of β-eudesmol on cholangiocarcinoma cells and its potential suppressive effect on heme oxygenase-1 production, STAT1/3 activation, and NF-κB downregulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017;44:1145-1154.

Jun X, Fu P, Lei Y, Cheng P. Pharmacological effects of medicinal components of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. Chin Med 2018;13:59.

Kulma I, Panrit L, Plengsuriyakarn T, Chaijaroenkul W, Warathumpitak S, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. in healthy Thai subjects. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021;21:61.

Ragone MI, Bonazzola P, Colareda GA, Lazarte ML, Bruno F, et al. Cardioprotection of stevioside on stunned rat hearts: A mechano-energetical study. Phytomedicine 2017;35:18-26.

Wang Z, Xue L, Guo C, Han B, Pan C, et al. Stevioside ameliorates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation by downregulating the NF-κB pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012;417:1280-1285.

Muriel P, Ramos-Tovar E, Montes-Páez G, Buendía-Montaño LD, Experimental models of liver damage mediated by oxidative stress, in: Muriel P (Ed.), Liver Pathophysiology: Therapies & Antioxidants, Elsevier, Waltham, MA, USA, 2017: pp 529-546.

Donohue TM, Osna NA, Clemens DL. Recombinant Hep G2 cells that express alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 2E1 as a model of ethanol-elicited cytotoxicity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006;38:92-101.

S L, Chaudhary S, R S R. Hydroalcoholic extract of Stevia rebaudiana bert. leaves and stevioside ameliorates lipopolysaccharide induced acute liver injury in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017:95:1040-1050.

Casas-Grajales S, Ramos-Tovar E, Chávez-Estrada E, Alvarez-Suarez D, Hernández-Aquino E, et al. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity induced by stevioside in liver damage: In vivo, in vitro and in silico assays. Life Sci. 2019;224:187-196.

Mu J, Uehara T, Li J, Furuno T. Identification and evaluation of antioxidant activities of bamboo extracts. Forest Stud China 2004;6:1-5.

Kumar S, Sharma G, Sidiq T, Khajuria A, Jain J, et al. Immunomodulatory potential of a bioactive fraction from the leaves of Phyllostachys bambusoides (bamboo) in BALB/c mice. EXCLI J 2014;13:137-150.

Danish M, Singh P, Mishra G, Srivastava S, Jha KK, et al. Cassia fistula Linn. (Amulthus)- An important medicinal plant: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. J Nat Prod Plant Resour 2011:1:101-118.

Rizvi MM, Irshad M, Hassadi GE, Younis SB. Bioefficacies of Cassia fistula: An Indian labrum. African J Pharm Pharmacol 2009;3:287-292.

Seyyednejad SM, Motamedi H, Vafei M, Bakhtiari A. The antibacterial activity of Cassia fistula organic extracts. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014;7:1-5.

Laxmi V, Wahi N, Goel A, Bhatia AK. Investigating the immunomodulatory effect of Cassia fistula on Albino rats. Adv Pharm Ethnomed 2015;3:1-5.

Ibahim M, Wan-Nor I’zzah W, Narimah A, Nurul AZ, Siti-Nur Shafinas S, et al. Anti-proliperative and antioxidant effects of Tinospora crispa (Batawali). Biomed Res 2011;22:57-62.

Amom Z, Bahari H, Isemaail S, IN A, Shah ZMD, et al. Nutritional composition, antioxidant ability and flavonoid content of Tinospora crispa stem. Adv Natural Applied Sci 2009;3:88-94.

Abood WN, Fahmi I, Abdulla MA, Ismail S. Immunomodulatory effect of an isolated fraction from Tinospora crispa on intracellular expression of INF-γ, IL-6 and IL-8. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:205.

Yang LC, Lu TJ, Hsieh CC, Lin WC. Characterization and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides derived from Dendrobium tosaense. Carbohydr Polym 2014;111:856-863.

Wang JH, Luo JP, Zha XQ, Feng BJ. Comparison of antitumor activities of different polysaccharide fractions from the stems of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Carbohydr Polym 2010;114-118.

Luo A, He X, Zhou S, Fan Y, Luo A, et al. Purification, composition analysis and antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides from Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Carbohydr Polym 2010;79:1014-1019.

Hsieh YS, Chien C, Liao SK , Liao SF, Hung WT, et al. Structure and bioactivity of the polysaccharides in medicinal plant Dendrobium huoshanense. Bioorg Med Chem 2008;16:6054-6068.

Tian CC, Zha XQ, Pan LH, Luo JP. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of a low-molecular polysaccharide from Dendrobium huoshanense. Fitoterapia 2013;91:247-255.

Li Y, Wang CL, Wang YJ, Guo SX, Yang JS. et al. Three new bibenzyl derivatives from Dendrobium candidum, Chem Pharm Bull 2009;57:218-219.

Okamoto T, Natsume M, Onaka T, Uchimaru F, Shimizu M. The structure of Dendramine. Chem Pharm Bull 1966;672-675.

Bourcier S, Sansonetti A, Durand L, Chomienne C, Robert-Lezenes J, et al. CD44-ligation induces, through ERK1/2 pathway, synthesis of cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 required for differentiation of THP-1 monoblastic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2010;1372-1375.

Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Müller-Newen G, Schaper F, Graeve L. Interleukin-6-type cytokine signalling through the gp130/Jak/STAT pathway. Biochem J 1998;334:297-314.

de Jesus AA, Canna SW, Liu Y, Goldbach-Mansky R. Molecular mechanisms in genetically defined autoinflammatory diseases: disorders of amplified danger signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 2015;33:823-874.

He TB, Huang YP, Yang L, Liu TT, Gong WY, et al. Structural characterization and immunomodulating activity of polysaccharide from Dendrobium officinale. Int J Biol Macromol 2016;83:34-41.

Thakur M, Bhargava S, Dixit VK. Immunomodulatory activity of chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. F. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2007;4:419-423.

Thakur M, Connellan P, Deseo MA, Morris C, Dixit VK. Immunomodulatory polysaccharide from chlorophytum borivilianum roots. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:598521.

Zhang M-L, Wu M, Zhang J-J, Irwin D, Gu Y-C, et al. Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Eupatorium. Chem Biodivers 2008;5:40-55.

Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT. Botanical polysaccharides: macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int Immunopharmacol 2006;6:317-333.

Yoo D-G, Kim M-C, Park M-K, Park K-M, Quan F-S, et al. Protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on influenza viral infection. PLoS One 2012;7:e33678

Kim M, Yim JH, Kim S-Y, Kim HS, Lee WG, et al. In vitro inhibition of influenza a virus infection by marine microalga-derived sulfated polysaccharide p-KG03. Antiviral Res 2012;93:253-259.

Chen M-Z, Xie H-G, Yang L-W, Liao Z-H, Yu J. In vitro anti-influenza virus activities of sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Virol Sin 2010;25:341-351.

Ohta Y, Lee J-B, Hayashi K, Fujita A, Dong KP, et al. In vivo anti-influenza virus activity of an immunomodulatory acidic polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:10194-10199.

Jin Y, Zhang Y, Wan C, Wang H, Hou L, et al. Immunomodulatory activity and protective effects of polysaccharide from eupatorium adenophorum leaf extract on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza infection. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:194976.

el-Deeb KS. The volatile constituents in the absolute of Clerodendron splendens G. Don oil. Bull Fac Pharm Cairo Univ 2003;41:259-263.

Shehata AH, Yousif MF, Soliman GA. Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of Clerodendron splendens G. Don growing in Egypt. Egypt J Biomed Sci 2001;7:145-163.

Kouakou K, Schepetkin IA, Jun S, Kirpotina LN, Yapi A, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Clerodendrum splendens: beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013;13:149.

Ayeka PA, Bian Y, Mwitari PG, Chu X, Zhang Y, et al. Immunomodulatory and anticancer potential of Gan cao (Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch.) polysaccharides by CT-26 colon carcinoma cell growth inhibition and cytokine IL-7 upregulation in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016;16:1-8.

Mitra Mazumder P, Pattnayak S, Parvani H, Sasmal D, Rathinavelusamy P. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of Glycyrhiza glabra L roots in combination with zing. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:S15-S20.

Sasaki H, Suzuki N, Alshwaimi E, Xu Y, Battaglino R, et al. 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits periodontitis via glucocorticoid-independent nuclear factor-kappaB inactivation in interleukin-10-deficient mice. J Periodontal Res 2010;45:757-763.

Hendricks JM, Hoffman C, Pascual DW, Hardy ME. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid delivered orally induces isolated lymphoid follicle maturation at the intestinal mucosa and attenuates rotavirus shedding. PLoS One 2012;7:e49491.

yeka PA, Bian Y, Githaiga PM, ZhaoY. The immunomodulatory activities of licorice polysaccharides (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) in CT 26 tumor-bearing mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017;17:536.

Yen CH, Chiu HF, Huang SY, Lu YY, Han YC, et al. Beneficial effect of burdock complex on asymptomatic helicobacter pylori-infected subjects: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Helicobacter 2018;23:e12469.

Chen FA, Wu AB, Chen CY. The influence of different treatments on the free radical scavenging activity of burdock and variations of its active compounds. Food Chem 2004;86:479-484.

Li D, Kim JM, Jin Z, Zhou J. Prebiotic effectiveness of inulin extracted from edible burdock. Anaerobe 2008;14:29-34.

Chung WS, Walker AW, Louis P, Parkhill J, Vermeiren J, et al. Modulation of the human gut microbiota by dietary fibres occurs at the species level. BMC Biol 2016;14:3.

Zheng CJ, Liu R, Xue B, Luo J, Gao L, et al. Impact and consequences of polyphenols and fructooligosaccharide interplay on gut microbiota in rats. Food Funct 2017;8:1925-1932.

Flamm G, Glinsmann W, Kritchevsky D, Prosky L, Roberfroid M. Inulin and oligofructose as dietary fiber: a review of the evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2001;41:353-362.

Kumar SA, Ward LC, Brown L. Inulin oligofructose attenuates metabolic syndrome in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats. Br J Nutr 2016;116:1502-1511.

Schley PD, Field CJ. The immune-enhancing effects of dietary fibres and prebiotics. Br J Nutr 2002;87 Suppl 2:S221-30.

Roberfroid M, Gibson GR, Hoyles L, McCartney AL, Rastall R, et al. Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits. Br J Nutr 2010;104 Suppl 2:S1-63.

Zhang XJ, Liu S-F, Lu Y, Wang JY, Chen K-S, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of a fructooligosaccharide isolated from burdock roots. RSC Adv 2019;9:11092-11100.

Zha S, Zhao Q, Chen J, Wang L, Zhang G, et al. Extraction, purification and antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides from maca (Lepidium meyenii). Carbohydr Polym 2014;111:584-587.

Zhang M, Wang G, Lai F, Wu H. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide from lepidium meyenii. J Agric Food Chem 2016;64:1921-1931.

He P, Dong Z, Wang Q, Zhan Q-P, Zhang M-M, et al. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide from eurycoma longifolia. J Nat Prod 2019;82:169-176.

Duan J, Fu B, Kang H, Song Z, Jia M, et al. Response of gas-exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence to acute sulfur dioxide exposure in landscape plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019;171:122-129.

Zeng P, Guo Z, Cao X, Xiao X, Liu Y, et al. Phytostabilization potential of ornamental plants grown in soil contaminated with cadmium. Int J Phytoremed 2018;20:311-320.

Ji X, Peng Q, Yuan Y, Shen J, Xie X, et al. Isolation, structures and bioactivities of the polysaccharides from jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.): a review. Food Chem 2017;227:349-357.

Zhang Y, Lu X, Fu Z, Wang Z, Zhang J. Sulphated modification of a polysaccharide obtained from fresh persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) fruit and antioxidant activities of the sulphated derivatives. Food Chem 2011;127:1084-1090.

Liu Y, Huang G, Hu J. Extraction, characterisation and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Chinese watermelon. Int J Biol Macromol 2018;111:1304-1307.

Liu S, Wang L, Ren Q, Wang J, Li Y, et al. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities of a polysaccharide from Ligustrum vicaryi L. fruit. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020;2020:5431350.

Schapoval EES, de Vargas MR, Chaves CG, Bridi R, Zuanazzi JA, et al. Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Stachytarpheta cayennensis. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;60:53-59.

Okokon JE, Ettebong E, Antia BS. In vivo antimalarial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis. Indian J Pharmacol 2008;40:111-113.

Penido C. Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic properties of Staphytarpheta cayennensis (L.C. Rich) Vahl. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;104:225-233.

Okoye TC, Akah PA, Ezike AC, Uzor PF, Odoh UE, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of Stachytarpheta cayennensis leaf extract and its synergistic effect with artesunate. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:376.

Das B, Das RD. Medicinal properties and chemical constituents of Aegle marmelos Correa. Indian Drugs 1995;32:93-99.

Patel P, Asdaq SM. Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic fruit extract of Aegle marmelos in experimental animals. Saudi Pharm J 2010;18:161-165.

Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. New Delhi: NISCAIR 2006; pp 324-325.

Mansoor E, Zaidi IM, Malghani MAK. Biological efficacy of the extract and pure compound of Gentiana olivieri. Pak J Biol Sci 1999;2:807-808.

Sezik E, Aslan M, Yesilada E, Ito S. Hypoglycemic activity of Gentiana olivieri and isolation of the active constituents through bioassay-directed fractionation techniques. Life Sci 2005;76:1223-1238.

Orhan DD, Aslan M, Aktay G, Ergun E, Yeshilada E, et al. Evaluation of hepatoprtective effect of Gentiana olivieri herb on subacute administration and isolation of active principles. Life Sci 2003;72:2273-2283.

Singh S, CPS Y, Noolvi MN. Immunomodulatory activity of butanol fraction of Gentiana olivieri Griseb. On Balb/C mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:433-437.

Wong KT, Tan BK. In vitro cytotoxicity and immunomodulating property of Rhaphidophora korthalsii. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;52:53-57.

Tan ML, Muhammad TS, Najimudin N, Sulaiman SF. Growth arrest and non-apoptotic programmed cell death associated with the up-regulation of c-myc mRNA expression in T-47D breast tumor cells following exposure to Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. hexane extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;96:375-383.

Toyota M, Ihara M. Recent progress in the chemistry of non-monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 1998;15:327-340.

Yeap SK, Alitheen NB, Ali AM, Omar AR, Raha AR, et al. Effect of Rhaphidophora korthalsii methanol extract on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and cytolytic activity toward HepG2. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;114:406-411.

Yeap SK, Omar AR, Ali AM, Ho WY, Beh BK, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of Rhaphidophora korthalsii on natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;2012:786487.

Jadhav V, Mahadkar SD, Valvi SR. Documentation of wild edible plants from Kolhapur district. J Rec Res Sci Tech 2011;3:58-63.

Jain A, Katewa SS, Galav PK, Sharma P. Medicinal plant diversity of sitamata wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;102:143-157.

Raj S, Gothandam KM. Hepatoprotective effect of polyphenols rich methanolic extract of Amorphophallus commutatus var. wayanadensis against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in swiss albino mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014;67:105-112.

Raj S, Gothandam KM. Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extract of Amorphophallus commutatus var. wayanadensis under normal and cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressive conditions in mice models. Food Chem Toxicol 2015;81:151-159.

Grover JK, Yadav SP. Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;93:123-132.

Shuo J, Mingyue S, Fan Z, Jianhua X. Recent advances in Momordica charantia: functional components and biological activities. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18:2555.

Juvekar AR, Hule AK, Sakat SS, Chaughule VA. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of methanol extract of Momordica charantia fruits. Drug Invent Today 2009;1:89-94.

Panda BC, Mondal S, Devi KS, Maiti TK, Khatua S, et al. Pectic polysaccharide from the green fruits of Momordica charantia (Karela): structural characterization and study of immunoenhancing and antioxidant properties. Carbohydr Res 2015;401:24-31.

Wang X, Jin H, Xu Z, Gao L. Effects of Momordica charantia L. saponins on immune system of senile mice. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica 2001;23:263-266.

Deng Y-Y, Yi Y, Zhang L-F, Zhang R-F, Zhang Y, et al. Immunomodulatory activity and partial characterisation of polysaccharides from momodica charantia. Molecules 2014;19:13432-13447.

Mahamat O, Flora H, Tume C, Kamanyi A. Immunomodulatory activity of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) leaf diethyl ether and methanol extracts on salmonella typhi-infected mice and LPS-induced phagocytic activities of macrophages and neutrophils. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020;2020:5248346.

Kasolo JN, Bimenya GS, Ojok L, Ochieng J, Ogwal-Okeng JW. Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera in Ugandan rural communities. J Med Plants Res 2010;4:753-757.

Fahey JW. Moringa oleifera: a review of the medical evidence for its nutritional, therapeutic and prophylactic properties. Part 1. TFL J 2005;1:1-15.

Mahdy T, Giorgi M, Adewole T, Ernest F, Idoko I, et al. Effect of Moringa oleifera, activated carbon and wood charcoal on biochemical and hematological parameters of Wistar rats exposed to lead acetate. Med Weter 2012;68:96-101.

Gupta A, Gautam MK, Singh RK, Kumar MV, Rao CV, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of Moringa oleifera Lam on cyclophosphamide induced toxicity in mice. Indian J Exp Biol 2010;48:1157-1160.

Gaikward SB, Mohan GK, Reddy KJ. Moringa oleifera leaves: immunomodulation in Wistar albino rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011;3(Suppl 5):1-5.

Nfambi J, Bbosa GS, Sembajwe LF, Gakunga J, Kasolo JN. Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in Wistar albino rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2015;26:603-611.

Pushpangadan P, Rajasekharan S, Ratheshkumar PK, Jawahar CR, Nair VV, et al. 'Arogyappacha' (Trichopus zeylanicus gaerin), the 'Ginseng' of Kani tribes of Agashyar hills (Kerala) for ever green health and vitality. Anc Sci Life 1988;8:13-16.

Singh B, Gupta DK, Chandan BK. Adaptogenic activity of a glyco-peptido-lipid fraction from the alcoholic extract of Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn. Phytomedicine 2001;8:283-291.

Bachhav RS, Sambathkumar R. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of the alkaloid fraction of Trichopus zeylanicus gaertn on experimental animals. Indian J Pharm Sci 2016;78:161-166.

Jessie K, Fong MY, Devi S, Lam SK, Wong KT. Localization of dengue virus in naturally infected human tissues, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. J Infect Dis 2004;189:1411-1418.

Wu SJ, Grouard-Vogel G, Sun W, Mascola JR, Brachtel E, et al. Human skin Langerhans cells are targets of dengue virus infection. Nat Med 2000;6:816-820.

Dalrymple NA, Mackow ER. Roles for endothelial cells in dengue virus infection. Adv Virol 2012;2012:840654.

Ho LJ, Wang JJ, Shaio MF, Kao CL, Chang DM, et al. Infection of human dendritic cells by dengue virus causes cell maturation and cytokine production. J Immunol 2001;166:1499-1506.

Suksanpaisan L, Cabrera-Hernandez A, Smith DR. Infection of human primary hepatocytes with dengue virus serotype 2. J Med Virol 2007;79:300-307.

Tassaneetrithep B, Burgess TH, Granelli-Piperno A, Trumpfheller C, Finke J, et al. DC-SIGN (CD209) mediates dengue virus infection of human dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2003;197:823-829.

Neves-Souza PC, Azeredo EL, Zagne SM, Valls-de-Souza R, Reis SR, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in monocytes during acute dengue fever in patients and during in vitro infection. BMC Infect Dis 2005;5:64.

Castañeda-Sánchez JI, Domínguez-Martínez DA, Olivar-Espinosa N, García-Pérez BE, Loroño-Pino MA, et al. Expression of antimicrobial peptides in human monocytic cells and neutrophils in response to dengue virus type 2. Intervirology 2016;59:8-19.

Bosch I, Xhaja K, Estevez L, Raines G, Melichar H, et al. Increased production of interleukin-8 in primary human monocytes and in human epithelial and endothelial cell lines after dengue virus challenge. J Virol 2002;76:5588-5597.

Carr JM, Hocking H, Bunting K, Wright PJ, Davidson A, et al. Supernatants from dengue virus type-2 infected macrophages induce permeability changes in endothelial cell monolayers. J Med Virol 2003;69:521-528.

Chen YC, Wang SY. Activation of terminally differentiated human monocytes/macrophages by dengue virus: productive infection, hierarchical production of innate cytokines and chemokines, and the synergistic effect of lipopolysaccharide. J Virol 2002;76:9877-9887.

Spain-Santana TA, Marglin S, Ennis FA, Rothman AL. MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta induction by dengue virus. J Med Virol 2001;65:324-330.

Kurane I, Ennis FA. Production of interferon alpha by dengue virus-infected human monocytes. J Gen Virol 1988;69:445-449.

Azeredo EL, Neves-Souza PC, Alvarenga AR, Reis SR, Torrentes-Carvalho A, et al. Differential regulation of Toll-like receptor-2, Toll-like receptor-4, CD16 and human leucocyte antigen-DR on peripheral blood monocytes during mild and severe dengue fever. Immunology 2010;130:202-216.

Reis SR, Valente LM, Sampaio AL, Siani AC, Gandini M, et al. Immunomodulating and antiviral activities of Uncaria tomentosa on human monocytes infected with dengue virus-2. Int Immunopharmacol 2008;8:468-476.

Fialho LG, da Silva VP, Reis SR, Azeredo EL, Kaplan MA, et al. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Norantea brasiliensis Choisy on Dengue Virus-2. Intervirology 2016;59:217-227.

Mythili MD, Nair S, Gunasekaran C, Effect of cyclophosphamide pretreatment on hematological indices of Indian Bonnet monkeys. Indian J Pharmacol 2004;36:175-180.

Eto M, Mayumi H, Tomita Y, Yoshikai Y, Nomoto K. Intrathymic clonal deletion of T cells in Mechanistic Approach. J Clin Cell Immunol 1990;9:565.

Eweka A, Enogieru A. Effects of oral administration of Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract on the kidneys of adult wistar rats: a histological study. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2011;8:307-311.

Matthias A. Immunomodulatory effects of Phyllanthus muellerianus : a mechanistic approach. J Clin Cell Immunol 2018;9:565.

Feng L, Chen Y, Yuan L, Liu X, Gu JF, et al. A combination of alkaloids and triterpenes of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. leaves enhances immunomodulatory activity in C57BL/6 mice and induces apoptosis in the A549 cell line. Molecules 2013;18:13920-13939.

Dangi R, Jain NK, Shaikh A. Immunomodulatory activity of different extracts of stem bark of alstonia scholaris Linn. J Drug Deliv Ther 2018;8:106-110.

Thirumalaisamy B, Prabhakaran SG, Marimuthu K, Chatterjee TK. Antihyperlipidemic Activity of the Ethyl-acetate Fraction of Stereospermum Suaveolens in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2013;16:23-29

Parthipan M, Aravindhan V, Rajendran A. Medico-botanical study of Yercaud hills in the eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. Anc Sci Life 2011;30:104-109.

Ye L, Jia Y, Ji KE, Sanders AJ, Xue K, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of cancer and cancer metastasis. Oncol Lett 2015;10:1240-1250.

Zeng H, Qiao Y, Luo X, Chen X, Wang Z, et al. History and development of TCM case report in a real-world setting. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:7402979.

Brahmachari G, Mandal LC, Roy R, Mondal S, Brahmachari AK. Stevioside and related compounds - molecules of pharmaceutical promise: a critical overview. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 2011;344:5-19.

Panee J. Potential medicinal application and toxicity evaluation of extracts from bamboo plants. J Med Plant Res 2015;9:681-692.

Ahmad W, Jantan I, Bukhari SN. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson: a review of its ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects. Front Pharmacol 2016;7:59.

Cakova V, Bonte F, Lobstein A. Dendrobium: sources of active ingredients to treat age-related pathologies. Aging Dis 2017;8:827-849.

Khanam Z, Singh O, Singh R, Bhat IU. Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum): a review of its botany, ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;150:421-441.

Chen H, Zhou B, Yang J, Ma X, Deng S, et al. Essential oil derived from eupatorium adenophorum spreng. mediates anticancer effect by inhibiting STAT3 and AKT activation to induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:483.

Oscar NDY, Joel T, Ange AANG, Desire S, Brice S, et al. Chemical constituents of clerodendrum splendens (lamiaceae) and their antioxidant activities. J Dis Med Plants 2018;4:120.

El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, El-Mleeh A, Abdel-Daim MM, Prasad Devkota H. Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, and pharmacological and toxicological activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae). Biomolecules 2020;10:352.

Chan YS, Cheng LN, Wu JH, Chan E, Kwan YW, et al. A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock). Inflammopharmacology 2011;19:245-254.

Fei W, Hou Y, Yue N, Zhou X, Wang Y, et al. The effects of aqueous extract of Maca on energy metabolism and immunoregulation. Eur J Med Res 2020;25:24.

Hu B, Du Q, Deng S, An HM, Pan CF, et al. Ligustrum lucidum ait. fruit extract induces apoptosis and cell senescence in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through upregulation of p21. Oncol Rep 2014;32:1037-1042.

Mesia-Vela S, Souccar C, Lima-Landman MTR, Lapa AJ. Pharmacological study of Stachytarpheta cayennensis Vahl in rodents. Phytomedicine 2004;11:616-624.

Rahman S, Parvin R. Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.)-An overview. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014;4:71-77.

Tüzün CY, Toker MC, Toker G. Anatomical investigations on root, stem, and leaf of Gentiana olivieri Griseb. Pharmacogn Mag 2011;7:9-13.

Krishna AR, Singh A, Jaleel VA, Raj S, Sivashanmugam K, et al. Morphological, phytochemical, and anti-bacterial properties of wild and indigenous plant (Amorphophallus commutatus). J Med Plants Res 2013;7:744-748.

Ahmad N, Hasan N, Ahmad Z, Zishan M, Zohrameena S. Momordica charantia: for traditional uses and pharmacological actions. J Drug Deliv Ther 2016;6:40-44.

Abd Rani NZ, Husain K, Kumolosasi E. Moringa Genus: a review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:108.

Chellappan BV, Pr S, Rajan VS, Pk A, Nair AS, et al. Therapeutic properties of trichopus zeylanicus subsp. travancoricus, a rare, endangered medicinal plant in south India: a review. Herb Med 2019;5:1.

Patel JR, Tripathi P, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;138:286-313.

Baliga MS. Alstonia scholaris Linn R Br in the treatment and prevention of cancer: past, present, and future. Integr Cancer Ther 2010;9:261-269.

Files
IssueVol 8, No 2, 2023 QRcode
SectionReview Article(s)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/tim.v8i2.13085
Keywords
Immune system Immunomodulators T cells Cytokines Tumor necrosis factor Interferons Humoral and cellular immunity

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Deva KD, Bose BV, Basavan BD. A Review on Plant-Derived Immunomodulatory Agents: Hopes as an Alternative Medicine in the Management of Immune-Related Disorders. Trad Integr Med. 2023;8(2):180-201.