Essential Oils Composition, Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Study of Artemisia Species Growing in Ethiopia
Abstract
Artemisia essential oils have been used in flavors, scents, mice repellents, cleansers, beauty care products, fragrances, and conventional pharmaceuticals. This work analyzed the phytoconstituents, in vitro antibacterial activity, and toxicity of essential oils of three Artemisia species growing in Wolaita, Ethiopia. GC-MS has been used to analyze chemical composition. In vitro antibacterial activity was assessed by disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The MTT assay was used to conduct toxicity studies. The main components of the essential oil extracted from Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. were camphor (19.2%), followed by 1,8-cineole (17.8%), artemisia ketone (15.2%), artemisyl acetate (6.9%), and camphene (6.6%). In the Artemisia annua L. oil, the main constituents were camphor (21.8%), artemisia alcohol (18.1%), santolina triene (11.6%), -copaene (9.1%), sabinene (4.5%), and δ-cadinene (4.0%). In addition, the main phytochemicals of Artemisia abyssinica Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich. oil were yomogi alcohol (39.3%), followed by cis β-farnesene (10.9%), β-selinene (6.7%), β-copaene (5.2%), and nerolidol (5.1%). The essential oils of A. afra, A. annua, and A. abyssinica showed significant antibacterial activity at low molar concentrations, with MIC values of 0.31, 0.15, and 0.62 μL against Staphylococcus aureus and 0.62, 0.31, and 1.25 μL against E. coli, respectively, compared with standard broad-spectrum gentamicin (0.25 μL). A. afra, A. annua, and A. abyssinica oils were showed weak toxicity to Vero cell lines with IC50 values of 178.47 µg/mL, 183.86 µg/mL, and 187.46 µg/mL, respectively. This result suggests that EOs are promising antibacterial agents given their weak toxic effects on normal cell lines at low concentrations.
Ali SI, Sheikh WM, Rather MA, Venkatesalu V, Muzamil BS, et al. U. Medicinal plants: Treasure for antiviral drug discovery. Phytother Res 2021;35:3447-3483.
Orege JI, Adeyemi SB, Tiamiyu BB, Akinyemi TO, IbrahimYA, et al. Artemisia and Artemisia-based products for COVID-19 management: current state and future perspective. Adv Tradit Med 2021;2021.
Abad MJ, Bedoya LM, Apaza L, Bermejo P. The Artemisia L. genus: A review of bioactive essential oils. Molecules 2012;17:2542-2566.
Nibert E, Wink M. Volatile components of four Ethiopian Artemisia species extracts, and their in vitro antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities. Phytomedicine 2010;17:369-374.
Chama E. The study on medicinal plants and their uses to treat human ailments in damot-gale district, wolaita zone, South Ethiopia. Int J Sci Res 2017;6:1669-1673.
Ketema M, Mekonen K, Afework M, Makonnen E, Debela A, et al. Evaluation of acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous extracts of Artemisia afra leaves on brain, heart and suprarenal glands in swiss albino mice. Ethiop J Health Sci 2020;30:981-990.
Fu R, Li J, Yu H, Zhang Y, Xu Z, et al. The Yin and Yang of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Med Res Rev 2021;41:1-19.
Mahomoodally MF, Fakim AG. Harnessing traditional knowledge to treat existing and emerging infectious diseases in Africa. In: Rai MK, Kon KV. Fighting multidrug resistance with herbal extracts, essential oils, and components. Academic Press. London 2013; pp 223-235.
Feng X, Cao S, Qiu F, Zhang B. Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Artemisia annua L. Pharmacol Ther 2020;216:107650.
Chhetri B, Ali N, Setzer W. A survey of chemical compositions and biological activities of yemeni aromatic medicinal plants. Medicines 2015;2:67-92.
Chhetri BK, Al-Sokari SS, Setzer WN, Ali NAA. The essential oil composition of Artemisia abyssinica from three habitats in Yemen. Am J Essent Oil 2015;2:28-30.
Lucero M, Estell R, Tellez M, Fredrickson E. A retention index calculator simplifies the identification of plant volatile organic compounds. Phytochem Anal 2009;20:378-384.
Damtie D, Mekonnen Y. Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Ethiopian thyme (Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi) against tooth decay bacteria. PLoS ONE 2020;15:1-13.
Gadisa E, Usman H. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of essential oils and their combination against multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from a skin ulcer. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6680668.
Marinas IC, Oprea E, Buleandra M, Badea IA, Tihauan BM, et al. Chemical composition, the antipathogenic and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil extracted from Amorpha fruticosa fruits. Molecules 2021;26:1-18.
Döll-Boscardin PM, Sartoratto A, De Noronha SM, Padilha BHL, De Paula J, et al. In vitro cytotoxic potential of essential oils of Eucalyptus benthamii and its related terpenes on tumor cell lines. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;342652.
Asfaw N, Demissew S. Essential oil composition of four Artemisia species from Ethiopia. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop 2015;29:123-128.
Mwangi JW, Achola KJ, Sinei KA, Lwande W, Laurent R. Essential oil constituents of Artemisia afra willd. J Essent Oil Res 1995;7:97-99.
Asekun OT, Grierson DS, Afolayan AJ. Variations in the quality and yield of the essential oil from Artemisia afra using different drying methods. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 2007;10:5-9.
Sharopov FS, Salimov A, Numonov S, Safomuddin A, Bakri M, et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Аrtemisia annua L. growing wild in Tajikistan. Nat Prod Commun 2020;15.
Bilia AR, Santomauro F, Sacco C, Bergonzi MC, Donato R. Essential oil of Artemisia annua L. An extraordinary component with numerous antimicrobial properties. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;2014:159819
Cavar S, Maksimovic M, Vidic D, Paric A. Chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Artemisia annua L. from Bosnia. Ind Crops Prod 2012; 37:479–485.
Tariku Y, Hymete A, Hailu A, Rohloff J. Essential-oil composition, antileishmanial, and toxicity study of Artemisia abyssinica and Satureja punctata ssp. punctata from Ethiopia. Chem Biodivers 2010;7:1009-1018.
Siqueira IB, Teixeira BAA, Jain S, Miranda FRP, Tavares SA, et al. In-vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils of Croton tetradenius Baill. from the brazilian caatinga biome and ıts synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin and meropenem. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 2021;24:12-21.
Habibipour R, Rajabi M. Antibacterial effect of extracts of Arctium lappa and Artemesia absinthium in laboratory conditions. J HerbMed Pharmacol 2015;4:133-137.
Chebbac K, Moussaoui AEL, Bourhia M, Salamatullah AM, Alzahrani A, et al. Chemical analysis and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Artemisia negrei L. against drug-resistant microbes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:5902851.
Files | ||
Issue | Vol 7, No 4, 2022 | |
Section | Research Article(s) | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/tim.v7i4.11495 | |
Keywords | ||
Artemisia afra Artemisia annua Artemisia abyssinica Essential oils Antibacterial activity Toxicity study |
Rights and permissions | |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |