Review Article

Medicinal Herbs with Potential Anti-Hypertensive Properties: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies

Abstract

Blood pressure is one of the vital signs, and is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. When the large arteries lose their natural elasticity and strength, and the smaller ones are narrowed, blood pressure rises and the pressure is exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels. High blood pressure is dangerous and very harmful for the heart and blood vessels, and is a major cause of mortality in all nations. Many patients tend to use herbal products for controlling their blood pressure, as they are concerned of the side effects of the chemical drugs. There are huge amount of research work exploring the safety and efficacy of a single herb, or combined herbal products on lowering blood pressure, among which some have shown certain effects, and some are negative in results. Grape seed, Garlic, Saffron, Green and White Mulberry, Quince, and some other herbs have more scientific evidence in lowering blood pressure. In this study, we systematically reviewed the scientific literature of clinical trials and animal studies, in which the safety and effectiveness of herbs on lowering blood pressure were evaluated.

Walther D, Curjuric I, Dratva J, Schaffner E, Quinto C, Rochat T, Gaspoz JM, Burdet L, Bridevaux PO, Pons M, Gerbase MW, Schindler C, Probst-Hensch N. High BP: prevalence and adherence to guidelines in a population-based cohort. Swiss Med Wkly 2016;146:143-153

Bonde LO. Health musicing - music therapy or music and health? A model, empirical examples and personal reflections. Music Arts Action 2011;3:20.

Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Kannel WB, Ho KK. The progression from HTN to congestive heart failure. JAMA. 1996;275:1557.

Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O'Brien E, Ostergren J. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-BP Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;10-16:895-906.

http://reference.medscape.com/drug/tenormin-atenolol-342356#4

Astin, JA. Why patients use alternative medicine: results of a national study. JAMA 1998;279:1548-1553.

Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, Chalmers J, Rodgers A, Rahimi K. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2016;387:957-967.

Rivlin RS. Historical perspective on the use of garlic. J Nutr 2001;131:951-954.

Jung F, pindur G. Effects of garlic thrombocyte aggregation, microcirculation and other risk factors. Int Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxical 1991;29:151-155.

Pedraza J. Tapia E, Medina ON. Garlic prevents HTN induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Life Sci. 1998;62:71-77.

Ali M, Thomson M. Consumption of a garlic clove a day could be beneficial in preventing thrombosis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001;53:211-212.

Mahan LK, Scott-Stump S. Krause’s Food Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 10th ed. WB Saunders. Philadelphia 2000; pp 742-777 and 558-593.

Mirzaei M, Moayedallaie S, Jabbari L, Mohammadi M. Prevalence of HTN in iran 1980–2012: a systematic review. J Tehran Heart Cent 2016;11:159.

Ford ES, Li C. Metabolic syndrome and health-related quality of life among U.S. adults. Ann Epidemiol 2008;18:165-171.

Rastegar M, Tavana Z, Khademi R, Nabipour I. Ethnopharmacology of the native herbs of helleh River (Bushehr Province/Iran). ISMJ 2012;15:303-316.

Noguchi N, Niki E. Phenolic antioxidants: a rationale for design and evaluation of novel antioxidant drug for atherosclerosis. Free Radical Bio Med 2000;28:1538-1546.

Kessler RC, Davis RB, Foster DF. Longterm trends in the use of complementary and alternative medical therapies in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:262-268.

Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997. Results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 1998;280:1569-1575.

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high BP: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289:2560–2572..

Edzard E. The efficacy of herbal medicine–an overview. Fund Clin Pharmacol 2005;19:405-409.

Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of HTN: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 2005;365:217-223.

Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee DE, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F, Redon J, Dominiczak A, Narkiewicz K, Nilsson PM, Burnier M, Viigimaa M, Ambrosioni E, Caufield M, Coca A, Olsen MH, Schmieder RE, Tsioufis C, van de Borne P, Zamorano JL, Achenbach S, Baumgartner H, Bax JJ, Bueno H, Dean V, Deaton C, Erol C, Fagard R, Ferrari R, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lancellotti P, Linhart A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Sirnes PA, Tamargo JL, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Wijns W, Windecker S, Clement DL, Coca A, Gillebert TC, Tendera M, Rosei EA, Ambrosioni E, Anker SD, Bauersachs J, Hitij JB, Caulfield M, De Buyzere M, De Geest S, Derumeaux GA, Erdine S, Farsang C, Funck-Brentano C, Gerc V, Germano G, Gielen S, Haller H, Hoes AW, Jordan J, Kahan T, Komajda M, Lovic D, Mahrholdt H, Olsen MH, Ostergren J, Parati G, Perk J, Polonia J, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Rydén L, Sirenko Y, Stanton A, Struijker-Boudier H, Tsioufis C, van de Borne P, Vlachopoulos C, Volpe M, Wood DA. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial HTN: the task force for the management of arterial HTN of the european society of HTN (ESH) and of the european society of cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013;34:2159-219.

Davids D, Gibson D, Johnson Q. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used to manage high BP and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bitterfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2016;194:755-766.

Han L, Li JP, Sit JW, Chung L, Jiao ZY, Ma WG. Effects of music intervention on physiological stress response and anxiety level of mechanically ventilated patients in China: a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs 2010;19:978-987.

Kamioka H, Tsutani K, Yamada M, Park H, Okuizumi H, Tsuruoka K, Honda T, Okada S, Park SJ, Kitayuguchi J, Abe T, Handa S, Oshio T, Mutoh Y. Effectiveness of music therapy: a summary of systematic reviews based on randomized controlled trials of music interventions. Patient Prefer Adherence 2014;8:727-754.

Maratos AS, Gold C, Wang X, Crawford MJ. Music therapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD004517.

Loomba RS, Arora R, Shah PH, Chandrasekar S, Molnar J. Effects of music on

SYS BP, DIA BP, and heart rate: a meta-analysis. Indian Heart J. 2012;64:309-313.

Bradt J, Dileo C, Potvin N. Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;12:CD006577.

American Music Therapy Association. http://www.musictherapy.org/about/quotes/.

Grocke DE, Wigram T. Receptive methods in music therapy techniques and clinical applications for music therapy clinicians, educators, and students. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. London 2007.

Bonde LO. Health musicing - music therapy or music and health? A model, empirical examples and personal reflections. Music Arts Action. 2011;3:20.

Bradt J, Dileo C, Shim M. Music interventions for preoperative anxiety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;6:CD006908.

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:1006-1012.

Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods 2010;1:97-111.

Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD. The cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928.

Bekiroglu T, Ovayolu N, Ergun Y, Ekerbicer HC. Effect of Turkish classical music on BP: a randomized controlled trial in hypertensive elderly patients. Complement Ther Med 2013; 21:147-54.

Zanini CR, Jardim PC, Salgado CM, Nunes MC, Urzeda FL, Carvalho MV, Pereira DA, Jardim TS, de Souza WK. Music therapy effects on the quality of life and the BP of hypertensive patients. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93:534-540.

Chan MF, Chan EA, Mok E, Kwan Tse FY. Effect of music on depression levels and physiological responses in community-based older adults. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2009;18: 285-294.

Schein MH, Gavish B, Herz M, Rosner-Kahana D, Naveh P, Knishkowy B, Zlotnikov E, Ben-Zvi N, Melmed RN. Treating HTN with a device that slows and regularises breathing: a randomised, double-blind controlled study. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:271-278.

Pandic S, Ekman I, Nord L, Kjellgren KI. Device-guided breathing exercises in the treatment of HTN - perceptions and effects. CVD Prev Control 2008;3:163-169.

Logtenberg SJ, Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Groenier KH, Bilo HJ. Effect of device-guided breathing exercises on BP in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens 2007;25:241-246.

Altena MR, Kleefstra N, Logtenberg SJ, Groenier KH, Houweling ST, Bilo HJ. Effect of device-guided breathing exercises on BP in patients with HTN: a randomized controlled trial. Blood Press 2009;18:273-279.

Tang HY, Harms V, Speck SM, Vezeau T, Jesurum JT. Effects of audio relaxation programs for BP reduction in older adults. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2009;8:329-336.

Grossman E, Grossman A, Schein MH, Zimlichman R, Gavish B. Breathing-control lowers BP. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:263-269.

Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ, Cutler JA, Havas S, Kotchen TA, Roccella EJ, Stout R, Vallbona C, Winston MC, Karimbakas J. Primary prevention of HTN: clinical and public health advisory from The National High BP Education Program. JAMA. 2002;288:1882-1888.

Sutoo D, Akiyama K. Music improves dopaminergic neurotransmission: demonstration based on the effect of music on BP regulation. Brain Res 2004;1016:255-262.

Koch ME, Kain ZN, Ayoub C, Rosenbaum SH. The sedative and analgesic sparing effect of music. Anesthesiology 1998;89:300-306.

Menon V, Levitin DJ. The rewards of music listening: response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system. Neuroimage 2005;28:175-184.

Patel HC, Hayward C, Ozdemir BA, Rosen SD, Krum H, Lyon AR, Francis DP, di Mario C. Magnitude of BP reduction in the placebo arms of modern HTN trials: implications for trials of renal denervation. Hypertension 2015;65:401-406.

Aubiniere-Robb L, Jeemon P, Hastie CE, Patel RK, McCallum L, Morrison D, Walters M, Dawson J, Sloan W, Muir S, Dominiczak AF, McInnes GT, Padmanabhan S. BP response to patterns of weather fluctuations and effect on mortality. Hypertension 2013;62: 190-196.

Klassen JA, Liang Y, Tjosvold L, Klassen TP, Hartling L. Music for pain and anxiety in children undergoing medical procedures: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ambul Pediatr 2008;8:117-128.

Ovayolu N, Ucan O, Pehlivan S, Pehlivan Y, Buyukhatipoglu H, Savas MC, Gulsen MT. Listening to Turkish classical music decreases patients’ anxiety, pain, dissatisfaction and the dose of sedative and analgesic drugs during colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:7532-7536.

Hole J, Hirsch M, Ball E, Meads C. Music as an aid for postoperative recovery in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2015;386:1659-1671.

Akiyama K, Sutoo D. Effect of different frequencies of music on BP regulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett 2011;487:58-60.

Jafari H, Emami Zeydi A, Khani S, Esmaeili R, Soleimani A. The effects of listening to preferred music on pain intensity after open heart surgery. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2012; 17:1-6.

Ioannidis JP, Lau J. Pooling research results: benefits and limitations of meta-analysis. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1999;25:462-469.

Boutron I, Moher D, Altman DG, Schulz KF, Ravaud P, Group C. Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:295-309.

Gu Q, Yang X, Lin L, Li S, Li Q, Zhong S, Peng J, Cui Z. Genetic ablation of solute carrier family 7a3a leads to hepatic steatosis in zebrafish during fasting. Hepatology 2014;60: 1929-1941.

Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wood KS, Byrns RE, Chaudhuri G. Endothelium derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:9265.

Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release account for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, Nature 1987;327:524.

di Rienzo M, Parati G, Radaelli A, Castiglioni P. Baroreflex contribution to BP and heart rate oscillations: time scales, time-variant characteristics and nonlinearities. Philos Trans Royal Soc A 2009;367:1301-1318.

Kotchen TA, Luepker RV, Nichaman MZ. Proceedng of the workshop on obesity and BP. Ann Epidemiol 1991;1:285-383.

National Research Council. Committee on Diet and Health, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences, Diet and Health: Implication for reducing chronic disease. Washington DC, National Academy press 1989.

The trial of HTN prevention collaboborative research group. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on BP of person with high-normal levels, results of the trials of HTN prevention phase 1. JAMA 1992;267:1213-1220

Zhou D, Liang Z, Qin Q, Zhang M, Li S. Therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of quercetin in a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Chin J Hepatol 2013;21:134-137.

García-Mediavilla V, Crespo I, Collado PS, Esteller A, Sánchez-Campos S, Tuñón MJ. The anti-inflammatory flavones quercetin and kaempferol cause inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and reactive C-protein, and down-regulation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway in Chang Liver cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;557:221-229.

Muller MD, Drew RC, Blaha CA, Mast JL, Cui J, Reed AB, Sinoway LI. Oxidative stress contributes to the augmented exercise pressor reflex in peripheral arterial disease patients. J Physiol 2012;590:6237-6246.

Khoshnam SI, Bahadolid A, Patriots J, Gholampour F, Khosravi AR. Effect of aqueous-alcoholic extract of glycirrhiza glabra Expression on electrocardiogram and its interaction with cholinergic system in wistar male rats. Armaghan Danesh, Journal of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences 1394;20:9-11

Javadi S, Maham M, Rezapour V. The effect of intravenous administration of walnut extract on BP changes and renin and aldosterone levels. Urmia Medical Journal. 2013;24:11-16.

Fatehi M, Rashidabady T, Fatehi-Hassanabad Z. Effects of Crocus sativus petals’ extract on rat BP and on responses induced by electrical field stimulation in the rat isolated vas deferens and guinea-pig ileum. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;84:199-203.

Siti A, Suwaldi, Fudholi A, Wahyono. The effect of encapsulated mulberry (morus alba l.) leaves extract on arterial bp in rats pengaruh enkapsulasi ekstrak daun murbei (morus alba l.) terhadap tekanan darah arteri pada tikus. Trad Med J 2014;19:149-155.

Okwari O, Ofem OE, Bisong SA, Ettarh RR. The aqueous leaf extract of dombeya buttneri produces bp lowering in albino wistar rats. Int J Curr Res 2011;2:92-96.

Do-Gon R, Yong-Gab Y. Jin-Goo N. Ho-sub L. Effect of rehmanniae radix and radix aconiti water extracts on bp in hypertensive rats. medicinal resources research center. 2001;18:171-175.

Miyasaka K, Hiramatsu Y. Pharmacological studies of lycorenine, an alkaloid of lycoris radiate herb.effects of BP in rats and dogs and the mechanism of tachyphylaxis to the vasodepressor action of lycorenine in rats. Japan J pharmacol 1980;30:655-664.

Ikewuchi JC, Ikewuchi CC. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of aqueous extract of acalypha wilkesiana ‘godseffiana’ muell arg on rats fed egg yolk supplemented diet: implications for cardiovascular risk management. Res J Sci Tech 2010;2:78-81.

Khayyala MT, El-Ghazalyb MA, Abdallaha DM, Nassara NN, Okpanyic SN, Kreuterd MH. BP lowering effect of an olive leaf extract (olea europaea) in l-name induced HTN in rats. Arzneimittelforsch 2002;52:797-802.

Bevevino LH, Vieira FSA, Cassolab AC, Sanioto SML. Effect of crude extract of roots of bredemeyera floribunda willd. i. effect on arterial BP and renal excretion in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;43:197-201.

Kanga DG, Hurb TY, Leeb GM, Oha H, Wonc TO, Sohna EJ, Leea HS. Effects of cudrania tricuspidata water extract on BP and renal functions in NO-dependent HTN. Life Sci 2002; 70:2599-2609.

Kanga DG, Sohna EJ, Leea YM, Leea AS, Hana JH, Kimb TY, Leea HS. Effects of bulbus Fritillaria water extract on BP and renal functions in the L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;91:51-56.

Abdul-Ghani AS, Amin R. Effect of aqueous extract of Commiphora opobalsamum on BP and heart rate in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;57:219-222.

Phytomedicine. Available from: http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/phytomed/Phytomedicine.

Watanabe T. The BP-lowering effect and safety of chromogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential HTN effects of CGA in patients with essential HTN. Clin Exp Hypertens 2006;28:439-449.

Safaeian L, Asghari G, Haghjoo Javanmard S, Heidarnejad A. The effect of hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of Moringa eregrine (Forssk.) Fiori. On BP and oxidative status in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats. Adv Biomed Res 2015;4:101.

Hong SY, Kim JY, Ahn HY, Shin JH, Kwon O. Panax ginseng extract rich in ginsenoside protopanaxatriol attenuates BP elevation in spontaneously hypertensive rats by affecting the akt-dependent phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Agric Food Chem 2012;28:3086-3091.

Zhoua WT, Abdurahman A, Abdusalam E, Yiming W, Abliz P, Aji Q. Effect of Cydonia oblonga Mill. Leaf extracts or captopril on BP and related biomarkers in renal hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2014;153:635-640.

Tom EN, Girard-Thernier C, Martin H, Dimo T, Alvergnas M, Nappey M, Berthelot A, Demougeot C. Treatment with an extract of terminalia superba engler and diels decreases BP and improves endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2014;151:372-379.

Belle R, Barrachina L, Moreno E, Primo-Yufera, Esplugues J. Effects on Arterial BP of the Methanol and Dichloromethanol Extracts from Schinus molle L. in Rats. Phytother Res. 1996;10: 634-635.

Achola KJ, Munenge RW. Activity of ageratum conyzoides on isolated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm and BP on anaesthetised rats. Int J Pharmacogn 1997;35:31-37.

Harauma A, Moriguchi T. Aged garlic extract improves BP in spontaneously hypertensive Rats. J Nutr 2006;136:769S-773S.

Jawi M, Ayu Artini G, Nova Mahendra A, Suprapta DN. Purple sweet potato aqueous extract lowers BP and prevents oxidative stress in hypertensive elderly patients at nyuhkuning village, mas, ubud, bali. J Biol Agriculture Healthcare 2014;4:60-64.

Midoh N, Miyazawa N, Eguchi F. Effects of a Hot-Water Extract of porcini (Boletus festivals) Mushrooms on the BP and Heart Rate of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013;77:1769-1772.

Sasaki Y, Noguchi T, Yamamoto E, Giddings JC, Ikeda K. Effects of ginkgo biloba extract (egb 761) on cerebral thrombosis and bp in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002;29:963-967.

Khoshnam SE, Bahaoddini A. The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of glycyrrhiza glabra on the cardiovascular system of male rats with normal BP and its interaction with cholinergic and adrenergic systems. Physiol Pharmacol 2013;17:349-358.

Yamaguchi Y, Kawamura N, Tsuboi T, Yamaguchi Y, Hirata T, ueda T, Tagawa C. Effect of the eucommia ulmoides leaf extract on BP. Int Symp Eucommia Ulmoides 2007;1:55-62.

Romanezi da Silveira R, Foglio MA, Gontijo JA. Effect of the crude extract of vernonia polyanthes Less.on BP and renal sodium excretion in unanesthetized rats. Phytomedicine. 2003;10:127-131.

Koley KM, Lal J. Pharmacological effects of azadirachta indica (neem)leaf extract on the ECG and bp of rat. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1994;38:223-225.

Hamidi M, Khaksari M. Effects of the consumption of aqueous extract of ovine and omelette lemon on BP and heart rate before and after injection of phenylephrine in male rats. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 2011;18: 349-357.

Parry O, Okwuasaba F, Ejike C. Effect of an aqueous extract of portulaca oleracea leaves on smooth muscle and rat bp. J Ethnopharmacol 1988;22:33-34.

Lut G-W, Miura K, Yukimura T, Yamamoto K. Effects of extract from Clerodendron trichotomum on BP and renal function in rats and dogs. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;42:77-82.

Jabbar-Shah A, Gilani A. BP-lowering and vascular modulator effects of acorus calamus extract are mediated through multiple pathways. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009;54:38-46.

Safaeian L, Ghannadi A, Haghjoo Javanmard S, Vahidian MH. The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula foetida stems on BP and oxidative stress in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats. Res Pharm Sci 2015;10:326-334.

Ahumada F, Aspee F. Withania somnifera extract, it's effect on arterial BP in anaesthetized dogs. Phytother Res 1991;5:111-114.

Pramana S, Mulvanyc MJ, Allenbachd Y, Marstond A, Hostettmannd K, Sirirugsab P, Jansakula C. Effects of an n-butanol extract from the stem of Tinospora crispa on BP and heart rate in anesthetized rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;133:675-686.

Joven J, March I, Espinel E, Fernández-Arroyo S, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Aragonès G, Beltrán-Debón R, Alonso-Villaverde C, Rios L, Martin-Paredero V, Menendez JA, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A, Camps J. Hibiscus sabdariffa extract lowers BP and improves endothelial function. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014;58:1374-1378.

Zhang TX, Wang YF, Ciriello J. The herbal medicine Tian Ma Gou Teng Yen alters the evelopment of High BP in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. Am J Chin Med 1989;3: 211-219.

Xiaopei C, Xiangju L, Hua F, Shaohua Z, Haiqing G. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression through 5′-amp activated protein kinase/surtuin 1–krüpple like factor 2 pathway and modulate bpin ouabain induced hypertensive rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2012;35:2192-2197.

Akande IS, Omenkuku U. Farayola anti-hypertensive herbal mixture improves bp and lipid profile of adrenaline-induced htn in rats. J Basic Med Sci 2009;1:16-21.

Belemtougri RG, Dzamitika SA, Ouedraogo Y, Sawadogo L. Effect of water crude leaf extract of sclerocarya birrea (a.rich) hochts (anacardiaceae) on normotenive rat bp. J Biol Sci 2007;7:570-574.

Ladeji O, Okoye ZSC, Uddoh F. Effects of vitex doniana Stem bark extract on BP. Phytother Res 1996;10:245-247.

Leung SWS, China PR. Effects of the aqueous extract of salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen) and its magnesium tanshinoate B-enriched Form on BP. Phytother Res 2010;24:769-774.

Fatehi M, Rashidabady T, Hassanabad Z. Effects of petals extracts of saffron on rat bp and on responses induced by electrical field stimulation in the rat isolated vas deferens and guinea–pig ileum. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;84:199-203.

Catherine CI, Edward OA, Eugene NO, Jude CI. Effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Sansevieria liberica Gérôme and Labroy on BP indices and pulse rates of sub-chronic salt-loaded rats. J Nat Rem 2012;12:30-38.

Ikewuchia JC, Ikewuchia CC, Ifeanachoa MO, Igbohb NM. BP lowering activity of a flavonoid and phytosterol rich extract of the sclerotia of Pleurotus tuberregium (Fr) Sing in salt-loaded rats. Biomed Prev Nutr 2014;4:257-263.

Esmaeili F, Sepehri G, Moshtaghi-kashanian G, khaksari M, Salari N, Sepehri E. The effect of acute administration of Artemisia Persia extracts on arterial BP and heart rate in rats. Am J Appl Sci 2009;6:843-847.

Bello R, Moreno L. Effects on Arterial BP of methanol and dichloromethanol extracts from juniperus. Phytother Res 1997;11:161-162.

Shaughnessya KS, Boswall IA, Scanlana AP, Gottschall-Passb KT, Sweeney MI. Diets containing blueberry extract lower BP in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Nutr Res 2009;29:130-138.

Romanezi da Silveira R, Foglio MA, Gontijo JA. Effect of the crude extract of vernonia polyanthes Less.on BP and renal sodium excretion in unanesthetized rats. Phytomedicine. 2003;10:127-131.

Amonkan AK, Konan AB, Kouakou L, Bleyere MN, Bouafou MGK, Kati-Coulibaly S. Comparative effects of different fractions of crude aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata leaves on BP. Int Curr Pharm J 2013;2:193-195.

Adedapo AD, Osude YO, Adedapo AA, Moody JO, Adeagbo AS, Olajide OA, Makinde JM. BP lowering effect of adenanthera pavonina seed extract on normotensive rats. Rec Nat Prod 2009;3:82-89.

Bališ P, Púzserová A, Slezák P, Šestáková N, Pecháňová O. Short-term administration of alibernet red wine extract failed to affect bp and to improve endothelial function in young normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Res 2013;62:631-641.

Wansi SL, Nyadjeu P, Ngamga D, Pami E. BP lowering effect of the ethanol extract from the stembark of cinnamomum zeylanicum (lauraceae) in rats. Pharmacologyonline 2007;3:166-176.

Kamanyi A, Dongmo AB, Salah MA, Jatsa H, Wagner H. Endothelium mediated aortic relaxation and BP lowering effect of a procyanidin rich fraction of the stembark extracts of erythrophleum suaveolens. Pharm Biol 2003;41:62-67.

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:1006-1012.

Fidele KZ, Andre KB, Yao DJ, Michel OA. Action of hydroethanolic leaves extract of solenostemon monostachyus (lamiaceae) on cardiovascular system of mammalians: BP lowering effects. IJPBS 2012;2:310-320.

Imafidon KE, Amaechina FC. Effects of aqueous seed extract of persea americana mill. (avocado) on bp and lipid profile in hypertensive rats. Adv Biol Res 2010;4:116-121.

Okamoto K, Lizuka Y, Murakami T, Miyake H, Susuki T. Effects of chlorella alkali extract on BP in SHR. Jpn Heart J 1978;19:622-623.

Salahdeen HM, Yemitan OK, Alada ARA, Effect of aqueous leaf extract of tridax procumbens on BP and heart rate in rats. African Journal of Biomedical Research 2004;7: 27-29.

Mugabo P, Raji IA. Effects of aqueous leaf extract of asystasia gangetica on the BP and heart rate in male spontaneously hypertensive Wistar rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13:283.

Susan WS, Miranda MW, Ricky YK. Effects of an extract of hawthorn on arterial BP in anaesthetized rats. Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013;2:6-8.

Imenshahidi M, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. The effect of chronic administration of saffron (crocus sativus) stigma aqueous extract on sys BP in rats. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2013;8:175-179.

Negishi H. Effects of prune extract on bp elevation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007;34:S47–S48.

Odek-Ogunde M, Rajab MS, Migwi GJ, Ndegwa JM. BP Responses to an Extract of Ajuga remota in Experimentally Hypertensive Rats. Planta Med. 1993;59:573-574.

Anaka ON, Ozolua RI, Stephen O. Effect of the aqueous seed extract of persea americana mill (Lauraceae) on the BP of sprague-dawley rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2009;3:485-490.

Eno AE, Ibokette UE, Ofem OE, Unoh FB, Nkanu E, Azah N. The effects of a nigerian specie of viscum album (mistletoe) leaf extract on the bp of normotensive and doca-induced hypertensive rats. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 2004;19(1-2):33-38.

Parasuraman S, Raveendran R. The effects of aqueous extract of cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) (Euphorbiaceae) leaves on rat BP. Pharmacognosy Res 2012;4:178-180.

Zibadi S, Faridc R, Moriguchi S, Lue Y, Yeap Fooe L, Moslemzadeh Tehrani P, Ulreich JB. Ronald R. Watsona RR. Oral administration of purple passion fruit peel extract attenuates BP in female spontaneously hypertensive rats and humans. Nutr Res 2007;27:408-416.

Lim DY, Lee ES, Park HG, Kim BC, Soon-Pyo H, Lee EB. Comparison of green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate on bp and contractile responses of vascular smooth muscle of rats. Arch Pharm Res 2003;26:214-223.

Jaffri J. Effects of oil palm frond methanolic extract on bp, antioxidant status and selected organs of nitric oxide-deficient rats [PhD thesis]. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; 2009.

Allersa NJ, Haya L, Schuttea PJ, Steinmannb CML, du Plooyb SH, Böhmerb LH. Long-term effects of a low dosage of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on BP in spontaneously hypertensive rats. South African Journal of Science. 2008;104:308-310.

Ghanbari M, Zahedi Khorasani M, Vakili A, Taherian A, Samani HR. On normal BP in rats (Ferula persica), the acute and chronic effects of aqueous plant extract. Koomesh 14.

Joukar S, Mahdavi N. Alterations of BP and ECG following two-week consumption of berberis integerrima fruit extract. Int Sch Res Notices 2014;2014:6.

Omale S, Auta A, Banwat SB, Amagon KI, Thomas YP. Effects of the ethanolic extract of parinari curatellifolia on cat BP and rabbit jejunum preparations. IJPFR 2011;1:39-44.

Ezekwe CI, Okorie A, Ugwu Okechukwu PC, Nwodo OFC, Ezea SC. BP Lowering effect of extract of gongronema latifolium. RJPBCS 2015;2:6-9.

Bopda M. Effects of brillantaisia nitens lindau (acanthaceae) methylene chloride/methanol leaf extract on rat arterial BP and heart rate. Pharmacologyonline 2007;1:495-510.

Lee WL, Chung HH, Cheng YZ, Lin HJ, Cheng JT. Rhodiola-water extract induces b-endorphin secretion to lower bp in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Phytother Res 2013; 27:1543-1547.

Costa EC, Gonçalves AA, Areas MA, Morgabel RG. Effects of metformin on QT and QTc interval dispersion of diabetic rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008;9D:232:238.

Chen HB, Islam MW, Radhakrishnan R, Wahab SA, Naji MA. Influence of aqueous extract from Neurada procumbens L. on BP of rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90:191-194.

Aliyu B, Oyeniyi YJ, Mojiminiyi FBO, Isezuo SA, Alada ARA. The aqueous calyx extract of hibiscus sabdariffa lowers BP and heart rate via sympathetic nervous system dependent mechanisms. Niger J Physiol Sci 2014;29:131-136.

Masoud Hamidi E, Khaksari M, Hajiri M. Effects of the consumption of aqueous extract of ovine and omelette lemon on BP and heart rate before and after phenylephrine injection in male rats. Journal of Kerman University of Science Sciences, 2011;4:349-357.

Kubota Y, Tanaka N, Kagota S, Nakamura K. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on BP and vascular endothelial response by acetylcholine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. JPP 2006;58:243-249.

Ojulari1 LS, Olatubosun OT, Okesina KB, Owoyele BV. The effect of zingiber officinale (ginger) extract on bp and heart rate in healthy humans. IOSR-JDMS 2014;13:76-78.

Nyarko AA, Addy ME. Effect of aqueous extract of adenia cissampeloides on BP and serum analytes of hypertensive patients. Phytother Res 1990;4:25-28.

Jezova D, Duncko R, Lassanova M, Kriska M, Moncek F. Reduction of rise in BP and cortisol release during stress bygingko biloba extract (EGB761) in healthy volunteers. J physiol Pharmacol 2002;53:337-348.

Aliyu B, Oyeniyi YJ, Mojiminiyi FBO, Isezuo SA, Alada ARA. The aqueous calyx extract of hibiscus sabdariffa lowers BP and heart rate via sympathetic nervous system dependent mechanisms. Niger J Physiol Sci 2014;29:131-136.

Watanabe T. The BP-lowering effect and safety of chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential HTN. Clin Exp Hypertens 2006;28:439-449.

Caron MF, Dore DD, Min B, Kluger J, Boguk I, White CM. Electrocardiographic and BP effects of the ephedra-containing trimspa thermogenic herbal compound in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:1241-1246.

Ras RT, Zock PL, Zebregs YE, Johnston NR, Webb DJ, Draijer R. Effect of polyphenol-rich grape seed extract on ambulatory BP in subjects with pre- and stage I HTN. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:2234-2241.

Figueroa A, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Wong A, Arjmandi BH. Watermelon extract supplementation reduces ankle BP and carotid augmentation index in obese adults with prehtn or HTN. Am J Hypertens 2012;25:640-643.

Draijer R, de Graaf Y, Slettenaar M, de Groot E, Wright CI. Consumption of a polyphenol-rich grape-wine extract lowers ambulatory BP in mildly hypertensive subjects. Nutrients 2015;7:3138-3153.

Talbott SM, Christopulos AM, Richards E. Citrus aurantium extract has no effect on BP or heart rate in healthy adults. FASEB 2007(Abstract).

Keheyan G, Dunn LA, Hall WL. Acute effects of ginkgo biloba extract on vascular functionand BP. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2011;66:209-211.

Twins M, Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Bradl B, Aydogan C. Food supplementation with an olive (olea europaea L.) leaf extract reduces BP in borderline hypertensive. Phytother Res 2008; 22:1239-1242.

Udani J, Yoshinari O, Moriyama H, Shiojima Y, Chien X. The efficacy and safety of a proprietary onion-pumpkin extract (OPtain120) on BP: an open-label study. FFHD 2015;5: 224-242.

Leung SWS, China PR. Effects of the aqueous extract of salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen) and its magnesium tanshinoate B-enriched Form on BP. Phytother Res 2010;24:769-774.

Finkel ML, Sanchez S, Mak T, Granstein J, Lefkowitz A. Anthocyanin-rich purple corn extract and its effects on the BP of adults. J Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med 2013; 18:237-242.

Winther K, Randlov C, Rein E, Mehlsen J. Effects of ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive function and BP in elderly subjects. Curr Ther Res 1998;59:63-66.

Robinson M, Lu B, Edirisinghe I, Kappagoda CT. Effect of grape seed extract on BP in subjects with pre-HTN. J Pharm Nutr Sci 2012;2:155-159.

Akande IS, Omenkuku U. Farayola anti-hypertensive herbal mixture improves bp and lipid profile of adrenaline-induced htn in rats. J Basic Med Sci 2009;1:16-21.

Files
IssueVol 4, No 3, 2019 QRcode
SectionReview Article(s)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/tim.v4i3.1683
Keywords
Blood pressure; Plant; Herb; Extract

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Isari M, Namazi N, Ayati MH, Rahimi R. Medicinal Herbs with Potential Anti-Hypertensive Properties: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies. Trad Integr Med. 2019;4(3):137-161.