A Complete Review of Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Anacyclus pyrethrum DC
,
Abstract
Anacyclus pyrethrum DC is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, indigenous to North Africa and found in the Arabian peninsula, the Mediterranean, and north India. It is a perennial herb known as Aqarqarha, Pellitory, Akarkara, or Spanish Chamomile. This herb is widely used in traditional medical systems such as Unani, Siddha, and Ayurveda systems of medicine. Its root has been traditionally employed to address ailments like toothache, gingivitis, dental caries, periodontitis, Ludwig's angina, migraine, epilepsy, hemiplegia, facial palsy, headache, hysteria, atony/flaccidity, tremor, nasal congestion, anaphrodisia, premature ejaculation, amenorrhea, coccydynia, sciatica, backache, polyarthritis, general weakness, rheumatism, cholera and edema. This review summarises studies gathered up to January 2022 from databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, ResearchGate, and Web of Science, using keywords such as Anacyclus pyrethrum DC, Aqarqarha, and Akarkara. A. pyrethrum is rich in bioactive compounds including saturated fatty acids (isovaleric acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, octadecanoic acid, palmitic acid), unsaturated carboxylic acid (cinnamic acid), fructans (inulin), phenols, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, pellitorine, pyrethrin, anacycline, herculin, sesamin, polysaccharides, volatile oils, essential oils, propanedioic acid, levulinic acid, squalene, steroids, terpenes, saponins, and stigmasterol. Medicinal studies show that the plant exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory, analgesic, antiprotozoal, neuroprotective, anti-hyperglycemic, wound healing, anticancer (cytotoxicity), anabolic, aphrodisiac, and reproductive activities, as evidenced by in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of A. pyrethrum, identifying significant gaps and research objectives, especially regarding the active compounds and their mechanisms of action.
Standardisation of Single Drugs of Unani Medicine Part - II. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 1992; pp 22-26.
Ali SS. Unani Adviya Mufarrada. 10th ed. New Delhi: Director National Council for the Promotion of Urdu Language, West Block, RK Param, New Delhi 2004; pp 201-202.
Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases at NAL [Internet]. [cited 2021 Nov 2]. Available from: https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/ethnoPlants/show/7881?qlookup=Anacyclus+pyrethrum&offset=0&max=20&et=
Tauheed A, Ali A. Aqarqarha (Anacyclus pyrethrum Dc.) A potent drug in Unani medicine: a review on its historical and phyto-pharmacological perspective. J Pharm Sci Innov 2017;6:22-28.
Annalakshmi R, Uma R, Chandran S, Muneeshwaran A. A treasure of medicinal herb - Anacyclus pyrethrum A review [Internet]. Indian J Drugs Dis 2012;1:59-67.
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science [Internet]. [cited 2021 Nov 15]. Available from: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:941366-1
Prajapati D. A Hand Book of Medicinal Plants A complete source book. Jodhpur: Agrobios(India) 2009; p 432.
The Plant List [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.theplantlist.org
Baithar I. Al Jamiul Mufradath Al Adviya wal Agziya- Vol 3. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 1999; pp 256-258.
Khan MA. Muhit-I Azam. Vol III. 1st ed. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 2014; pp 540-543.
Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants an Illustrated Dictionary. Springer-India Pvt Ltd. New Delhi 2007; pp 46-47, 118, 527, 528.
The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I. Vol II. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH Govt of India. New Delhi 2007; pp 1-6.
Multani HC. Hindustan Aur Pakistan ki Joti bootiyan aur In ke Fawaid. Maktaba Danyal. Lahor 1997; pp 115,116,268-269, 582-584.
Abdul (Hakeem) Muhammad. Bastanul Mufradath. Idara Kitab-ul-Shifa. New Delhi 2002; pp 98-101,395, 426,427.
Nadkarni K. Indian Materia Medica Vol I. 3rd ed. Mumbai 2009; pp 97-98,267, 1041–1044.
Kabeeruddin M. Makhzan-ul-Mufredath(Kitabul Adviya). 3rd ed. Idara Kitab-ul-Shifa. New Delhi 2014; pp 80-82,139,318-319, 375-376.
The Useful Plants of India. National Institute of Science Communication & Information Resources, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. New Delhi 2006; pp 37,102-3,505-309.
William Dymock, C.J.H Warden DH. Pharmacopia Indica Vol II. Srishti Book Distributors. New Delhi 2005; pp 277-281.
Jawhari FZ, Moussaoui AEL, Bourhia M, Imtara H, Saghrouchni H, et al. Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire: Correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid contents with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chemically characterized extracts. Plants 2021;10:1-19.
Jawhari FZ, Moussaoui A El, Bourhia M, Imtara H, Mechchate H, et al. Anacyclus pyrethrum (L): chemical composition, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties. Molecules 2020;25:5469.
Bentley R, Trimen H. Medicinal Plants. Vol 3. Asiatic Publishing House. New Delhi 2002; p 151.
Anacyclus pyrethrum – Spanish Chamomile [Internet]. Flowers of India; 2021. Anonymous. Anacyclus pyrethrum - Spanish Chamomile 2021.
Pandey S, Rani Kushwaha G, Singh A, Singh A. Chemical composition and medicinal uses of anacyclus pyrethrum. An Int J Pharm Sci 2018;9:551-560.
Ali M. Pharmacognosy (Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry). Vol 1. CBS Publishers. New Delhi 2009; pp 104-105, 129-130.
Haleem MAH. Mufradath e Azeezi. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 2009; pp 24,38,46,59,74,80-83,108.
Bin ASIA-A. Kitab al-Fath fi al-Tadawi(Urdu Translation). 1st ed. 2007; pp 125-131,174-175, 202–203, 242.
Sina AI. Al Qanoon fil Tibb. Book 2 (English Translation). Jamia Hamdad. New Delhi 1998; pp 228,229, 316-317, 381-382.
Al-Masihi A-QAAFI. Kitabul Umda fi Jarahath. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 2000; pp 211-217, 242, 262, 289.
Rafiquddin M. Kanzul Advia Mufrada. Muslim University Press. Aligarh 1985; pp 484-485.
Ghani N. Khazainul Adviya. 3rd ed. Idara Kitabusshifa. New Delhi 2011; pp 1208-1210, 1375.
Kabeeruddin M. Ilmul Advia Nafisi. Ejaz Publishing House. New Delhi 2007; pp 133,187,307, 334-335.
Rai A, Fazil M, Rasheed A, Ahmad B, Parveen S, et al. Role of unani medicines in oro-dental diseases: a comprehensive review and scientific evidence. Fortune J Heal Sci 2020;01:30-54.
Kirtikar KR, Basu B. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol II. 2nd ed. Dehradun: International Book Distributors 2006; pp 1084-1087, 1378-79.
Duke JA, Bogenschutz-Godwin MJ, Cellier J du, Duke P-AK. Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. 2nd ed. CRC Press. Boca Raton 2006; pp 148,149,688.
Zakariya Razi AM Bin. Kithab Al Abdal(Urdu Translation). 3rd ed. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 2000; pp 35,52,86,91.
Ibn Rushd AAW. Kitab Ul Kulliyath(Urdu Translation). Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 1987; pp 253,299.
Anonymous. Standard Unani Medical Terminology. 1st ed. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 2012; p 374.
Prashanth BK. Akarkarabha Anacyclus pyrethrum uses, research, side effects [Internet].
Sharma V, Thakur M, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Immunomodulatory activity of petroleum ether extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum. 2010;48:1247-1254.
Evans WC. Trease and evans pharmacognosy. 15th ed. Elsevier Ltd. London 2002; pp 25,36,224,472.
Anonymous. The Wealth of India. Vol I. A. National Inst of Science Communication and Information Resources, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. New Delhi 2010; p 248.
Azmi W. Abdal Advia ka ilmi sarmaya aur ahd-e-hazir me uski ahmiyat. Jahan-e-tibb 1999; pp 2-3,31-36.
Al Razi Z. Kitab Al Abdal. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 2000; pp 1-96.
Ansari AP, Sana SH, Ansari H. The Concept of Abdal-i-Adwiya (Drug Substitution / Therapeutic Interchange) in unani medicine: a critical appraisal. J Adv Res Pharm Sci Pharmacol Interv 2020;3:1-11.
Perveen S, Wadud A, Ahmed Makbul SA, Sofi G, Perveen A. Unani concept of drug substitution (therapeutic interchange) and its validation on scientific parameters. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020 Jul;11:301-307.
Jamaldeen FN, Sofi G, Fahim MFM, Aleem M, Begum EMGKN. Shahatra (F.parviflora Lam)- a comprehensive review of its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 2022;286:114839.
Spearmint ( Podina Kohi, Pahari Podina ) – JariBoti [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jul 5]. Available from: https://jariboti.pk/shop/herbs/spearmint-podina-kohi-pahari-podina/.
National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part 1. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 2006; pp 13,14,87-89,109,110-123,198-211,249.
Kabir H. Morakkabat (Unani Formulations). Shamsher Publisher and Distributors. Aligarh 2003; pp 60-130,172,173.
National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part V. Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. New Delhi 2008; pp 9,12,15,25,70-87.
National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part IV. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH Govt of India. New Delhi 2006; pp 4-85.
National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part-VI. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 2008; pp 20,21,61-71,92-110.
National Formulary of Unani Medicine Part III. 1st ed. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH Govt of India. New Delhi 2001; pp 2-85.
National Formulary of Unani Medicine Part II. Vol 1. Central Council For Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi 2007; pp 9,22,79,93.
Boonen J, Sharma V, Dixit VK, Burvenich C, De Spiegeleer B. LC-MS N-alkylamide profiling of an ethanolic Anacyclus pyrethrum root extract. Planta Med 2012;78:1787-1795.
Canli K, Yetgin A, Akata I, Murat Altuner E. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition screening of Anacyclus pyrethrum root. Indian J Pharm Educ Res 2017;51:S244-248.
Cherrat A, Amalich S, Regragui M, Bouzoubae A, Elamrani M, et al. Polyphenols content and evaluation of antioxidant activity of Anacycluspyrethrum(L.) LAG. from timahdite a moroccan middle atlas region. Int J Adv Res 2017;5:569-577.
Althaus JB, Malyszek C, Kaiser M, Brun R, Schmidt TJ. Alkamides from Anacyclus pyrethrum L. and Their in Vitro Antiprotozoal Activity. Mol A J Synth Chem Nat Prod Chem 2017;22:796.
Crombie L. Isolation and structure of an n-isobutyldienediynamide from pellitory (Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.). Nature 1954;174:832-833.
Kumar VK, Lalitha KG. Pharmacognostical studies on the root of Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2012;3:518-526.
Pandey S, Gulab R, Kushwaha A, Singh A, Singh, et al. Chemical composition and medicinal uses of anacyclus pyrethrum. Pharma Science Monitor 2018;9:551-560.
Usmani A, Khushtar M, Arif M, Siddiqui MA, Sing SP, et al. Pharmacognostic and phytopharmacology study of Anacyclus pyrethrum: An insight. J Appl Pharm Sci 2016;6:144-150.
Ritsema T, Lugtenberg BJJ, Spaink HP. Biosynthesis of lipo-chitin oligosaccharides: bacterial signal molecules which induce plant organogenesis. Compr Nat Prod Chem 1999;325-344.
Kumar V, Bhatt V, Kumar N. Amides From Plants: Structures and Biological Importance. Stud Nat Prod Chem 2018;56:287-333.
Lian EGC, Lim, Meei C, Rahmani M, Shaari K. Pellitorine, a potential anti-cancer lead compound against HL60 and MCT-7 cell lines and microbial transformation of piperine from piper nigrum. Molecules 2010;15:2398-2404.
Elufioye TO, Habtemariam S, Adejare A. Chemistry and pharmacology of alkylamides from natural origin. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2020;30:622-640.
Jiang K, Xing Y, Quan Q, Sun Q, Tian J, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-Alkylamide derivatives as anti-tumor agents. J Tradit Chinese Med Sci 2020;7:393-403.
Rajendran R, Narashimman BS, Trivedi V, Chaturvedi R. Isolation and quantification of antimalarial N-alkylamides from flower-head derived in vitro callus cultures of Spilanthes paniculata. J Biosci Bioeng 2017;124:99-107.
Hafizur RM, Hameed A, Shukrana M, Raza SA, Chishti S, et al. Cinnamic acid exerts anti-diabetic activity by improving glucose tolerance in vivo and by stimulating insulin secretion in vitro. Phytomedicine 2015;22:297-300.
Awasthi K, Gupta RC, Mahdi AA. An investigation into anti-dyslipidemic activity of isovaleric acid in wistar rats fed fructose-rich high fat diet. J Med Sci Clin Res 2019;7:115-119.
Huang WC, Tsai TH, Chuang L Te, Li YY, Zouboulis CC, et al. Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of capric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: A comparative study with lauric acid. J Dermatol Sci 2014;73:232-240.
Nakatsuji T, Kao MC, Fang JY, Zouboulis CC, Zhang L, et al. Antimicrobial property of lauric acid against propionibacterium acnes: Its therapeutic potential for inflammatory acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:2480-2488.
Dayrit FM. The properties of lauric acid and their significance in coconut oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2015;92.
Juárez-Rodríguez MM, Cortes-López H, García-Contreras R, González-Pedrajo B, Díaz-Guerrero M, et al. Tetradecanoic acids with anti-virulence properties increase the pathogenicity of pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine cutaneous infection model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021;10:879.
Pu Z hui, Zhang Y qun, Yin Z qiong, Xu J, Jia R yong, et al. Antibacterial activity of 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester from neem oil. Agric Sci China 2010;9:1236-1240.
Arora S, Kumar G. Phytochemical screening of root, stem and leaves of Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018;7:1445-1450.
Okpara M. GC-MS evaluation of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of the oil fraction from the seeds of Brachystegia eurycoma (HARMS) Green synthesis and characterization of metal nanoparticles with potential medical and industrial applications view project conversion of wastes to renewable energy view project okenwa igwe. Artic Int J Chem Sci 2013;32:47-54.
Aparna V, Dileep KV, Mandal PK, Karthe P, Sadasivan C, et al. Anti-inflammatory property of n-hexadecanoic acid: structural evidence and kinetic assessment. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012;80:434-439.
Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek, Karolina. The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:915-932.
Rao PV, Gan SH. Cinnamon: A multifaceted medicinal plant. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med 2014;2014:642942.
Mollazadeh H, Hosseinzadeh H. Cinnamon effects on metabolic syndrome: a review based on its mechanisms. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2016;19:1258.
Ahmed Salih Sahib. Anti-diabetic and antioxidant effect of cinnamon in poorly controlled type-2 diabetic Iraqi patients: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2016;5:108-113.
Shoaib M, Shehzad A, Omar M, Rakha A, Raza H, et al. Inulin: properties, health benefits and food applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016;147:444-454.
Liu C, Kolida S, Charalampopoulos D, Rastall RA. An evaluation of the prebiotic potential of microbial levans from Erwinia sp. 10119. J Funct Foods 2020;64:103668.
Buddington KK, Donahoo JB, Buddington RK. Dietary oligofructose and inulin protect mice from enteric and systemic pathogens and tumor inducers. J Nutr 2002;132:472-477.
Selles C, Dib MEA, Allali H, Tabti B. Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum L., from Algeria. Mediterr J Chem 2012;2:408-415.
Sung SH, Kim KH, Jeon BT, Cheong SH, Park JH, et al. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of tannins extracted from agricultural by-products. J Med Plants Res 2012;6:3072-3079.
Lalthanpuii PB, Zokimi Z, Lalchhandama K. Anthelmintic activity of praziquantel and Spilanthes acmella extract on an intestinal cestode parasite. Acta Pharm 2020;70:551-560.
Paul A, Adnan M, Majumder M, Kar N, Meem M, et al. Anthelmintic activity of Piper sylvaticum Roxb. (family: Piperaceae): In vitro and in silico studies. Clin Phytoscience 2018;4:17.
Matthias A, Banbury L, Stevenson LM, Bone KM, Leach DN, et al. Alkylamides from echinacea modulate induced immune responses in macrophages. 2009;36:117-130. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08820130600745786
Stevenson LM, Matthias A, Banbury L, Penman KG, Bone KM, et al. Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea. Molecules 2005;10:1279-1285.
Elazzouzi H, Khennouchi S, Bentayeb A, Elhilali F, Zair T. sur Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coléoptera : Bruchidae) [ Biocidal effects of alkaloids extracted from Anacyclus pyrethrum L. (Asteraceae) on Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) ]. Int J Innov Appl Stud 2015;13:756-774.
Elazzouzi H, Nadia Z, Belghiti Mohamed AE, Touriya, Zair. Phytochemical Study of Alkaloid Extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum Link. (Asteraceae). In: Traditional Medicine, Phytochemistry and Medicinal Plants. TMedPM-2019;p 25.
Molina-Torres J, García-Chávez A, Ramírez-Chávez E. Antimicrobial properties of alkamides present in flavouring plants traditionally used in Mesoamerica: affinin and capsaicin. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;64:241-248.
Molina-Torres J, Salazar-Cabrera C, Armenta-Salinas C, Ramírez-Chávez E. Fungistatic and bacteriostatic activities of alkamides from Heliopsis longipes roots: affinin and reduced amides. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:4700-4704.
Déciga-Campos M, Rios MY, Aguilar-Guadarrama AB. Antinociceptive effect of Heliopsis longipes extract and affinin in mice. Planta Med 2010;76:665-670.
Pan F, Wiese GA. The synthesis and antifungal studies of some benzofuran compounds. J Am Pharm Assoc 1960;49:259-264.
Ch K, Murthy S, Reddy N. Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of some novel mannich derivatives of 3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en. J Pharm Res 2015;14:90-93.
Natarajan D, Gomathi M, Yuvarajan R. Phytochemical and antibacterial evaluation of Barleria montana Nees. (Mountain Barleria). Artic Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2011.
Kuwahara Y, Sato M, Koshii T, Suzuki T. Chemical ecology of astigmatid mites xxxii.2-hydroxy-6-methyl-benzaldehyde, the sex pheromone of the brown-legged grain mite aleuroglyphus ovatus(troupeau)(acarina:acaridae). Appl Entomol Zool 1992;27:253-260.
Vj D, Sivakumar SR, George M, Francis S. GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds present in different extracts of rhizome of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. J Drug Deliv Ther [Internet]. 2019;9:13-19.
Tofighi N, Asle-Rousta M, Rahnema M, Amini R. Protective effect of alpha-linoleic acid on Aβ-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and memory impairment by alteration of α7 nAChR and NMDAR gene expression in the hippocampus of rats. Neurotoxicology 2021;85:245-253.
Krishnaveni M, Dhanalakshmi R, Nandhini N. GC-MS analysis of phytchemicals, fatty acid profile, antimicrobial activity of gossypium seeds characterization of reproductive gene in marine fish view project. Artic Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2014;18:273-276.
Nesbitt BF, Beevor PS, Hall DR, Lester R, Sternlicht M, et al. Identification and synthesis of the female sex pheromone of the citrus flower moth, Prays citri. Insect Biochem 1977;7:355-359.
Lane H-Y, Huang C-L. N-methylglycine (Sarcosine) Treatment for Depression - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. National Library of Medicine. 2011 [cited 2022 Jan 26]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00977353
Lane HY, Chang YC, Liu YC, Chiu CC, Tsai GE. Sarcosine or d-serine add-on treatment for acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:1196-1204.
Ben Haddou T, Malfacini D, Calo G, Aceto MD, Harris LS, et al. Exploring pharmacological activities and signaling of morphinans substituted in position 6 as potent agonists interacting with the μ opioid receptor. Mol Pain 2014;10:48.
Goblet C, Whalen RG. Modifications of gene expression in myotonic murine skeletal muscle are associated with abnormal expression of myogenic regulatory factors. Dev Biol 1995;170:262-273.
Dalibalta S, Majdalawieh AF, Manjikian H. Health benefits of sesamin on cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors. Saudi Pharm J 2020;28:1276-1289.
Phitak T, Pothacharoen P, Settakorn J, Poompimol W, Caterson B, et al. Chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of sesamin. Phytochemistry 2012;80:77-88.
Alliouche Kerboua K, Benosmane L, Namoune S, Ouled-Diaf K, Ghaliaoui N, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the hot water-soluble polysaccharides from Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. roots. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;281:114491.
Bendjeddou D, Lalaoui K, Satta D. Immunostimulating activity of the hot water-soluble polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum, Alpinia galanga and Citrullus colocynthis. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;88:155-160.
Ifranensis A, Didier J, Link AP, Oils E, Elazzouzi H, et al. Volatiles profiling and antioxidant activity of Moroccan Artemisia ifranensis J. Didier and Anacyclus pyrethrum Link essential oils. Egypt J Chem 2020;63:3937-3947.
Selles C, El Amine Dib M, Djabou N, Beddou F, Muselli A, et al. Antimicrobial activity and evolution of the composition of essential oil from Algerian Anacyclus pyrethrum L. through the vegetative cycle. Nat Prod Res 2013;27:2231-2234.
Hammami S, Salem B, Mastouri M, Danilo F, Gorcii M, et al. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activities of aerial parts from Tunisian Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.). J Med Plant Res 2013;7:71-75.
Katariya D, Ashid M, Sharma BK, Joshi A. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of some indole substituted propanoic acid. J Chem Chem Sci 2019;9:206-213.
Kelly GS. Squalene and its potential clinical uses. Altern Med Rev;4:29-36.
Smith TJ. Squalene: potential chemopreventive agent. 2005;9:1841-1848.
Spanova M, Daum G. Squalene - biochemistry, molecular biology, process biotechnology, and applications. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2011;113:1299-1320.
Reddy LH, Couvreur P. Squalene: A natural triterpene for use in disease management and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009;61:1412-1426.
Stigmasterol 95 83-48-7 [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jan 12]. Available from: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/IN/en/product/sigma/s2424?gclid=CjwKCAiAlfqOBhAeEiwAYi43Fzh4wDE0Vzl9s6u3SGsDbk64aH_fvEbd7LFFihNwwXA3x9y4rmTXcRoCnN0QAvD_BwE
Rao CV, Newmark HL, Reddy BS. Chemopreventive effect of squalene on colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:287-290.
Best MM, Duncan CH. Modification of abnormal serum lipid patterns in atherosclerosis by administration of sitosterol. Ann Intern Med 1956;45:614-622.
Dempsey ME, Farquhar JW, Smith RE. The effect of beta sitosterol on the serum lipids of young men with arteriosclerotic heart disease. Circulation 1956;14:77-82.
Gabay O, Sanchez C, Salvat C, Chevy F, Breton M, et al. Stigmasterol: a phytosterol with potential anti-osteoarthritic properties. Osteoarthr Cartil 2010;18:106-116.
Panda S, Jafri M, Kar A, Meheta BK. Thyroid inhibitory, antiperoxidative and hypoglycemic effects of stigmasterol isolated from Butea monosperma. Fitoterapia 2009;80:123-126.
Muralikrishnan K, Asokan S, Priya PRG, Ahmed KSZ, Ayyappadasan G. Comparative evaluation of the local anesthetic activity of root extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum and its Interaction at the site of injection in guinea pigs. Anesth Essays Res 2017;11:444.
Jalayer Naderi N, Niakan M, Khodadadi E. Determination of antibacterial activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum extract against some of the oral bacteria: an in vitro study. J Dent Shiraz Univ Med Scien 2012;13:59-63.
Jalayer-Naderi N, Niakan M, khodadadi E, Mohamadi-Motlagh M. The antibacterial activity of methanolic Anacyclus pyrethrum and Pistacia lentiscus L. extract on Escherichia coli. Iran J Microbiol 2016;8:372.
Manouze H, Bouchatta O, Gadhi AC, Bennis M, Sokar Z, et al. Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum roots. Front Pharmacol 2017;8:1-14.
Sujith K, Suba V, Darwin CR. Neuropharmacological profile of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum in albino Wistar rats. IJPSR 2011;2:2109-2114.
Badhe SR, Badhe RV, Ghaisas MM, Chopade VV, Deshpande AD. Evaluations of antidepressant activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum root extract. Int J Green Pharm 2010;4:124
Gautam O, Verma S, Jain SK. Anticonvulsant and myorelaxation activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. (Akarkara) root extract. Pharmacologyonline 2011;125:121-125.
Sharma V, Thakur M, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Evaluation of the anabolic, aphrodisiac and reproductive activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum DC in male rats. Sci Pharm 2009;77:97-110.
Sharma V, Boonen J, Spiegeleer B De, Dixit VK. Androgenic and spermatogenic activity of alkylamide-rich ethanol solution extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. Phyther Res 2013;27:99-106.
Shahraki S, Rad JS, Rostami FM, Shahraki MR, Arab MR. Effects of aqueous root extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum on gonadotropins and testosterone serum in adult male rats. Am J Phytomedicine Clin Ther 2014;2:767-772.
Sujith K, Darwin CR, Sathish, Suba V. Memory-enhancing activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum in albino Wistar rats. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis 2012;2:307-311.
Tyagi S, Mansoori MH, Singh NK, Shivhare MK, Bhardwaj P, et al. Antidiabetic effect of Anacyclus pyrethrum DC in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Eur J Biol Sci 2011;3:117-120.
Selles C, Medjdoub H, El M, Dib A, Zerriouh M, et al. Anti-diabetic activity of aqueous root extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum L. in streptozotocin-induced-diabetic rats. J Med Plants Res 2012;6:3193-3198.
Mohammadi A, Mansoori B, Baradaran PC, Baradaran SC, Baradaran B. Anacyclus pyrethrum extract exerts anticancer activities on the human colorectal cancer cell line (HCT) by targeting apoptosis, metastasis and cell cycle arrest. J Gastrointest Cancer 2016;48:333-340.
Kenza Bezza JL, Gabbas Z El, Laaradia MA, Oufquir S, Aboufatima R, et al. Effects of Anacyclus pyrethrum on affective behaviors and memory during withdrawal from cigarette smoke exposure in rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2020;16:123-132.
Patel VK, Patel RV, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H, Gopalakrishna G, Devasankariah G. A clinical appraisal of Anacyclus pyrethrum root extract in dental patients. Phyther Res 1992;6:158-159.
Elazzouzi H, Soro A, Elhilali F, Bentayeb A, Belghiti MA, et al. Phytochemical study of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) of middle atlas (Morocco), and in vitro study of antibacterial activity of pyrethrum. Adv Nat Appl Sci 2014;8:131-141.
Subbiah U, Elayaperumal G, Elango S, Ramanathan A, Gita B, et al. Effect of chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle, Anacyclus pyrethrum and cyperus rotundusin combating plasmid mediated resistance in periodontitis. Anti Infect Agents 2019;18:43-53.
Kumar S, Navneet, Tiwari MM. In-vitro antibacterial activity Of Anacyclus Pyrethrum L. and Jasminum Grandiflorum L. J Indian bot Soc 2010;89:412-414.
Jani DK. Comparative clinical study on Anacyclus pyrethrum and spilanthus acmella as akarakarabha in erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Shodha Samagya 2007;01.
Sujith K, Darwin R, Suba V. Toxicological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum in albino Wistar rats. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis 2012;2:437-441.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10, No 3, 2025 | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/tim.v10i3.19764 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Anacyclus pyrethrum DC Aqarqarha Traditional medicine Unani medicine Natural products | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
