What Natural Materials Are Used to Treat Primary Tooth Pulp? A Literature Review
Abstract
Among the various medicaments used for pulp treatment, natural materials have gained attention due to their potent antibacterial activity and fewer complications compared to standard chemical agents. This study aims to analyze the existing literature on the effectiveness of herbal medicines in comparison to conventional pulp therapy agents in primary teeth. A comprehensive search was conducted across three databases—PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus— and google scholar to identify relevant studies. Only articles that met the predefined inclusion criteria were selected for review. A total of 33 clinical trials were included in this review, evaluating the clinical and radiographic outcomes of herbal pulp therapy agents in primary teeth. Among the natural substances investigated, propolis and aloe vera appear to be suitable candidates for pulp capping. Additionally, garlic extract and green tea show promise as effective cleaning agents within the root canal.
Subramanyam D, Somasundaram S. Clinical and radiographic outcome of herbal medicine versus standard pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars: a systematic review. J Clin Diagnos Res 2017;11:ZE12-ZE16.
Coll JA, Vargas K, Marghalani AA, Chen CY, AlShamali S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of nonvital pulp therapy for primary teeth. Pediatr Dent 2020;42:256-461.
Surana P, Khandelwal A, Gopal R, Koppalkar RR, Aafreen S, et al. Recent advances in pulpotomy medicament. Int J Med Oral Res 2021;6:22-23.
Gadallah L, Hamdy M, El Bardissy A, Abou El Yazeed M. Pulpotomy versus pulpectomy in the treatment of vital pulp exposure in primary incisors. A systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res. 2018;7:1560.
Smaïl-Faugeron V, Glenny AM, Courson F, Durieux P, Muller-Bolla M, et al. Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;5:Cd003220.
Lopes LB, Calvão C, Vieira FS, Neves JA, Mendes JJ, et al. Vital and nonvital pulp therapy in primary dentition: an umbrella review. J Clin Med 2022;11:85.
Coll JA, Seale NS, Vargas K, Marghalani AA, Al Shamali S, et al. Primary tooth vital pulp therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Dent 2017;39:116-123.
Tedesco TK, Reis TM, Mello-Moura ACV, Silva GSd, Scarpini S, et al. Management of deep caries lesions with or without pulp involvement in primary teeth: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Braz Oral Res 2020;35:e004
Jahani Moghadam F. Pulp therapy for primary and immature permanent teeth in children: review of literature. Iran J Pediatr Dent 2015;10:69-106.
Kunert M, Lukomska-Szymanska M. Bio-inductive materials in direct and indirect pulp capping-a review article. Materials (Basel). 2020;13:1204.
Divya S, Sujatha S. An insight on the success of various pulpotomy medicaments in pediatric dentistry-A review of literature. Res J Pharm Technol 2018;11:2647-2655.
Smaïl‐Faugeron V, Glenny AM, Courson F, Durieux P, Muller‐Bolla M, et al. Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;5:CD003220.
Hülsmann M, Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation--literature review and case reports. Int Endod J 2000;33:186-193.
Elheeny AAH. Allium sativum extract as an irrigant in pulpectomy of primary molars: A 12‐month short‐term evaluation. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019;5:420-426.
Rajsheker S, Mallineni S, Nuvvula S. Obturating materials used for pulpectomy in primary teeth-a mini review. J Dent Craniofac Res 2018;3:3.
Sinha DJ, Sinha AA. Natural medicaments in dentistry. Ayu 2014;35:113-118.
Martin KW, Ernst E. Herbal medicines for treatment of bacterial infections: a review of controlled clinical trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:241-246.
Fallahinejad Ghajari M, Asgharian Jeddi T, Iri S, Asgary S. Treatment outcomes of primary molars direct pulp capping after 20 months: a randomized controlled trial. Iran Endod J 2013;8:149-152.
Moghadam ET, Yazdanian M, Tahmasebi E, Tebyanian H, Ranjbar R, et al. Current herbal medicine as an alternative treatment in dentistry: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2020;889:173665.
Jha S, Goel N, Dash BP, Sarangal H, Garg I, et al. An update on newer pulpotomy agents in primary teeth: a literature review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021;13:S57-S61.
Alharbi A, Aliuddin S, Alharbi T, Alharbi S, Alanzi A, et al. Herbal endodontic irrigants. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res 2017;4:311-314.
Gala-Garcia A, Teixeira K, Mendes L, Sobrinho A, Santos V, et al. Effect of Aloe vera. on rat pulp tissue. Pharm Biol 2008;46:302-308.
Jittapiromsak N, Sahawat D, Banlunara W, Sangvanich P, Thunyakitpisal P. Acemannan, an extracted product from Aloe vera, stimulates dental pulp cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and dentin formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2010;16:1997-2006.
Songsiripradubboon S, Banlunara W, Sangvanich P, Trairatvorakul C, Thunyakitpisal P. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic analysis of the effects of acemannan used in direct pulp capping of human primary teeth: short-term outcomes. Odontology 2016;104:329-337.
Sabir A, Mooduto L, Kaelan C, Horax S. Impact of the use of ethanolic extract of propolis, flavonoid and non-flavonoid propolis for direct pulp capping in collagen type I density. Braz J Oral Sci 2017;15:264.
Lima RV, Esmeraldo MR, de Carvalho MG, de Oliveira PT, de Carvalho RA, et al. Pulp repair after pulpotomy using different pulp capping agents: a comparative histologic analysis. Pediatr Dent 2011;33:14-18.
Mohanty S, Ramesh S. Comparing quality and quantity of dentin bridge formed using mineral trioxide aggregate, biodentine, and propolis: a double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. World 2020;11:374.
Ahangari Z, Mashhadiabbas F, Feli M, Jafari Z, Zadsirjan S. Evaluation of pulp tissue following direct pulp capping with propolis versus calcium hydroxide: a clinical trial. J Dental School, Shahid Beheshti Uni Med Sci 2020;38:134-138.
Purohit RN, Bhatt M, Purohit K, Acharya J, Kumar R, et al. Clinical and radiological evaluation of turmeric powder as a pulpotomy medicament in primary teeth: an in vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10:37-40.
Abirami K, Ramkumar H, Senthil D. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the efficacy of formocresol, allium sativum oil, and aloe barbadensis gel as pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13:518.
Cantekin K, Gümüş H. Success rates of ankaferd blood stopper and ferric sulfate as pulpotomy agents in primary molars. Int Sch Res Notices 2014;2014:819605.
Alolofi H, El-Sayed M, Taha S. Clinical and radiographical evaluation of propolis and thymus vulgaris extracts compared with formocresol pulpotomy in human primary molars. BDJ Open 2016;2:1-6.
Kahvand M, Mehran M, Haghgoo R, Faghihi T. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of Allium sativum oil (garlic oil) in comparison with formocresol in primary molar pulpotomy. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2019;9:390-395.
Mohammad SG, Raheel SA, Baroudi K. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of allium sativum oil as a new medicament for vital pulp treatment of primary teeth. J Int Oral Health 2014;6:32-36.
Gonna S, Ghoname N, Kabbash A, Yagi A. Efficacy of aloe vera as a pulpotomy agent in children primary teeth: clinical and radiographic studies. J Gastroenterol Hepatol Res 2019;8:2946-2951.
Omar OM, Khattab NM, Khater DS. Nigella sativa oil as a pulp medicament for pulpotomized teeth: A histopathological evaluation. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;36:335-341.
Yaman E, Görken F, Pinar Erdem A, Sepet E, Aytepe Z. Effects of folk medicinal plant extract Ankaferd Blood Stopper(®) in vital primary molar pulpotomy. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012;13:197-202.
Kalra M, Garg N, Rallan M, Pathivada L, Yeluri R. Comparative evaluation of fresh Aloe barbadensis plant extract and mineral trioxide aggregate as pulpotomy agents in primary molars: A 12-month follow-up study. Contemp Clin Dent 2017;8:106-111.
Ozório JE, Carvalho LF, de Oliveira DA, de Sousa-Neto MD, Perez DE. Standardized propolis extract and calcium hydroxide as pulpotomy agents in primary pig teeth. J Dent Child 2012;79:53-58.
Kusum B, Rakesh K, Richa K. Clinical and radiographical evaluation of mineral trioxide aggregate, biodentine and propolis as pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth. Restor Dent Endod 2015;40:276-285.
Hugar SM, Kukreja P, Hugar SS, Gokhale N, Assudani H. Comparative evaluation of clinical and radiographic success of formocresol, propolis, turmeric gel, and calcium hydroxide on pulpotomized primary molars: a preliminary study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10:18-23.
Ozmen B, Bayrak S. Comparative evaluation of ankaferd blood stopper, ferric sulfate, and formocresol as pulpotomy agent in primary teeth: A clinical study. Niger J Clin Pract 2017;20:832-838.
Kumari KK, Sridevi E, Sankar AJS, Gopal AS, Pranitha K, et al. In vivo evaluation of honey as a new medicament for vital pulp therapy in primary teeth. SRM J Res Dent Sci 2017;8:58.
Subramanyam D, Somasundaram S. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of aloe vera vs formocresol as a pulpotomy medicament in primary molars: a double blinded randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13:138.
El Sayed SR, Fawzy M, Hassan M. Evaluation of medicinal plant extract versus traditional medicament used for vital pulpotomy of primary molars. Al-Azhar Dent J Girls 2019;6:453-459.
Odabaş ME, Cinar C, Tulunoğlu O, Işik B. A new haemostatic agent's effect on the success of calcium hydroxide pulpotomy in primary molars. Pediatr Dent 2011;33:529-534.
Tanwar R, Gupta J, Asif S, Panwar R, Heralgi R. Aloe vera and its uses in dentistry. Indian J Dent Adv 2011;3:656-658.
Koyuturk AE, Tunç ES, Bayrak S, Ayas B, Özmen B, et al. Histological evaluation of Ankaferd blood stopper, ferric sulfate and formocresol as pulpotomy agents in rat molars. J Pediatr Dent 2013;1:32-36.
Sajadi F, Poureslami H, Madani F, Sharifi H. Clinical and radiographic findings after using formocresol and Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit powder for pulpotomy of primary molar teeth. Wulfenia J 2014;21:262-278.
Khairwa A, Bhat M, Sharma R, Satish V, Maganur P, et al. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of zinc oxide with aloe vera as an obturating material in pulpectomy: an in vivo study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2014;32:33-38.
Jolly M, Singh N, Rathore M, Tandon S, Banerjee M. Propolis and commonly used intracanal irrigants: comparative evaluation of antimicrobial potential. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;37:243-249.
Parolia A, Kundabala M, Rao N, Acharya S, Agrawal P, et al. A comparative histological analysis of human pulp following direct pulp capping with Propolis, mineral trioxide aggregate and Dycal. Aust Dent J 2010;55:59-64.
Sabir A, Mooduto L, Kaelan C, Horax S. Impact of the use of ethanolic extract of propolis, flavonoid and non-flavonoid propolis for direct pulp capping in collagen type i density. Braz J Oral Sci 2016;15:264-268.
Silici S, Koç NA, Ayangil D, Cankaya S. Antifungal activities of propolis collected by different races of honeybees against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses. J Pharmacol Sci 2005;99:39-44.
Fernandes Júnior A, Balestrin EC, Betoni JE, Orsi Rde O, da Cunha Mde L, et al. Propolis: anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity and synergism with antimicrobial drugs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005;100:563-566.
Oncag O, Cogulu D, Uzel A, Sorkun K. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis. Gen Dent 2006;54:319-322.
Ferreira FB, Torres SA, Rosa OP, Ferreira CM, Garcia RB, et al. Antimicrobial effect of propolis and other substances against selected endodontic pathogens. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;104:709-716.
Al-Shaher A, Wallace J, Agarwal S, Bretz W, Baugh D. Effect of propolis on human fibroblasts from the pulp and periodontal ligament. J Endod 2004;30:359-361.
Hayacibara MF, Koo H, Rosalen PL, Duarte S, Franco EM, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of isolated fractions of Brazilian propolis on caries development. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;101:110-115.
Alolofi H, El-Sayed M, Taha S. Clinical and radiographical evaluation of propolis and thymus vulgaris extracts compared with formocresol pulpotomy in human primary molars. BDJ Open 2016;2:16005.
Victorino FR, Bramante CM, Watanabe E, Ito IY, Franco SL, et al. Antibacterial activity of propolis-based toothpastes for endodontic treatment. Braz J Pharm Sci 2009;45:795-800.
Blitz J, Smith JW, Gerard JR. Aloe vera gel in peptic ulcer therapy; Preliminary report. J AOA 1963;62:731-735.
Mangaiyarkarasi SP, Manigandan T, Elumalai M, Cholan PK, Kaur RP. Benefits of Aloe vera in dentistry. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015;7:S255-S259.
Mohan R, Gundappa M. Aloe vera in dentistry–The herbal panacea. Indian J Dent Sci Res 2013;29:15-20.
Arunkumar S, Muthuselvam M. Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera L. against clinical pathogens. J Bio Sci Res 2010;1:251-258.
Sathasivam A, Muthuselvam M. Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of aloe vera L. against clinical pathogens. 2009;5:572-576
Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol 2008;53:163-166.
Gontijo SMdL, Gomes ADM, Gala-García A, Sinisterra RD, Cortés ME. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and cell viability of Aloe vera sponges. Electron J Biotechnol 2013;16.
Reynolds T, Dweck AC. Aloe vera leaf gel: a review update. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;68:3-37.
Hamman JH. Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules. 2008;13:1599-1616.
Neena IE, Ganesh E, Poornima P, Korishettar R. An ancient herb aloevera in dentistry: A review. J Oral Res Rev 2015;7:25.
Sharma K, Mittal A, Chauhan N. Aloe Vera as penetration enhancer. Int J Drug Dev Res 2015;7:31-43.
Hatano T, Kusuda M, Inada K, Ogawa T-O, Shiota S, et al. Effects of tannins and related polyphenols on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemistry 2005;66:2047-2055.
Subramaniam T, Subramaniam A, Chowdhery A, Das S, Gill M. Versatility of aloe vera in dentistry-a review. IOSR J Dent Med Sci 2014;13:98-102.
Winters W, Benavides R, Clouse W. Effects of aloe extracts on human normal and tumor cells in vitro. Econ Bot 1981;35:89-95.
Prabhakar A, Karuna Y, Yavagal C, Deepak B. Cavity disinfection in minimally invasive dentistry-comparative evaluation of Aloe vera and propolis: A randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Dent 2015;6:S24.
Femenia A, Sánchez ES, Simal S, Rosselló C. Compositional features of polysaccharides from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) plant tissues. Carbohydr Polym 1999;39:109-117.
Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, Lara-Arias J, Chávez-Montes A. Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat Prod Commun 2014;9:1217-1221.
Songsiripradubboon S, Kladkaew S, Trairatvorakul C, Sangvanich P, Soontornvipart K, et al. Stimulation of dentin regeneration by using acemannan in teeth with lipopolysaccharide-induced pulp inflammation. J Endod 2017;43:1097-1103.
Gupta N, Bhat M, Devi P, Girish. Aloe-vera: a nature's gift to children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2010;3:87-92.
Subramanyam D, Somasundaram S. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of aloe vera vs formocresol as a pulpotomy medicament in primary molars: a double blinded randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13:138-143.
Abirami K, Ramkumar H, Senthil D. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the efficacy of formocresol, allium sativum oil, and aloe barbadensis gel as pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13:518-522.
Kalra M, Garg N, Rallan M, Pathivada L, Yeluri R. Comparative evaluation of fresh aloe barbadensis plant extract and mineral trioxide aggregate as pulpotomy agents in primary molars: a 12-month follow-up study. Contemp Clin Dent 2017;8:106-111.
Mohammad SG, Baroudi K. Bacteriological evaluation of Allium sativum oil as a new medicament for pulpotomy of primary teeth. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015;5:125-130.
Ankri S, Mirelman D. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes Infect 1999;1:125-129.
Bakri IM, Douglas CW. Inhibitory effect of garlic extract on oral bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 2005;50:645-651.
Motamayel FA, Hassanpour S, Alikhani MY, Poorolajal J, Salehi J. Antibacterial effect of eucalyptus (globulus Labill) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on oral Cariogenic bacteria. J Microbiol Res Rev 2013;1:12-17.
Ambareen Z, Chinappa A. Go green-keep the root canal clean. Int J Dent Sci Res 2014;2:21-25.
Mohammad SG, Raheel SA, Baroudi K. Histological evaluation of allium sativum oil as a new medicament for pulp treatment of permanent teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16:85-90.
Kahvand M, Mehran M, Haghgoo R, Faghihi T. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of allium sativum oil (garlic oil) in comparison with formocresol in primary molar pulpotomy. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2019;9:390-395.
Reddy AC, Lokesh BR. Effect of dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) on iron-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol 1994;32:279-283.
Chandra D, Gupta SS. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of volatile oil of Curcuma longa (Haldi). Indian J Med Res 1972;60:138-142.
Chaturvedi TP. Uses of turmeric in dentistry: an update. Indian J Dent Res 2009;20:107-109.
Nagpal M, Sood S. Role of curcumin in systemic and oral health: An overview. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2013;4:3-7.
Saikiran KV, Kamatham R, Sahiti PS, Nuvvula S. Pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth: A literature review of natural alternatives. SRM J Res Dent Sci 2018;9:181.
Kumar Praveen N, Rashmi N, Bhaskar Vipin K, Mopkar Pujan P. Pulpotomy medicaments: continued search for new alternatives-a review. Ohdm 2014;13:883-890.
Abu-Zinadah OA. Using nigella sativa oil to treat and heal chemical induced wound of rabbit skin. JKAU Sci 2009;21:335-346.
Lotfy AO, Zayed M, editors. Immunohistochemical study of the effect of nigella sativa l extract on chemotherapy induced oral mucositis in albino rats 2009.
Omar OM, Khattab NM, Khater DS. Nigella sativa oil as a pulp medicament for pulpotomized teeth: a histopathological evaluation. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;36:335-341.
Goker H, Haznedaroglu IC, Ercetin S, Kirazli S, Akman U, et al. Haemostatic actions of the folkloric medicinal plant extract Ankaferd Blood Stopper. J Int Med Res 2008;36:163-170.
Lemon RR, Steele PJ, Jeansonne BG. Ferric sulfate hemostasis: effect on osseous wound healing. Left in situ for maximum exposure. J Endod 1993;19:170-173.
Meric Teker A, Korkut AY, Kahya V, Gedikli O. Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial of Ankaferd Blood Stopper in patients with acute anterior epistaxis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010;267:1377-1381.
Teker AM, Korkut AY, Gedikli O, Kahya V. Prospective, controlled clinical trial of Ankaferd Blood Stopper in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009;73:1742-1745.
Basch E, Ulbricht C, Hammerness P, Bevins A, Sollars D. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), thymol. J Herb Pharmacother 2004;4:49-67.
Dorman HJ, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000;88:308-316.
Hammad M, Sallal AK, Darmani H. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans adhesion to buccal epithelial cells by an aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris. Int J Dent Hyg 2007;5:232-235.
Kołodziejska J, Berner-Strzelczyk A, Piechota-Urbańska M. Application of thyme extract in the prescription of dental gels produced on Carbopol base. Polim Med 2009;39:31-38.
Soković MD, Vukojević J, Marin PD, Brkić DD, Vajs V, et al. Chemical composition of essential oils of Thymus and Mentha species and their antifungal activities. Molecules 2009;14:238-249.
Fachini-Queiroz FC, Kummer R, Estevão-Silva CF, Carvalho MD, Cunha JM, et al. Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of thymus vulgaris l. essential oil, on the inflammatory response. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;2012:657026.
El-Haddad SA, Al-Shawaf MD. Effect of honey for treatment of some common oral lesions: Follow up of 50 cases. J Dent Oral Hyg 2013;5:55-61.
Ahuja A, Ahuja V. Apitherapy–A sweet approach to dental diseases-part i: honey. J Adv Dent Res 2010;1:81-86.
Newadkar U. Miraculous honey: A sweet and valuable remedy in dentistry!! SRM J Res Dent Sci 2016;7:132-133.
Abdul Samad G, Ashfaq Ahmed K, Shoaib Aziz K, Khalil A, Maqbool Ahmed R. Healing effects of natural honey on oral minor apthous ulcers among dental patients in quetta, Pakistan. 2012;32:412-415.
Lusby P, Coombes A, Wilkinson J. Honey: a potent agent for wound healing? J WOCN 2002;29:295-300.
Molan PC. The evidence and the rationale for the use of honey as a wound dressing. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2006;5:40-54.
Molan PC. Honey: Antimicrobial actions and role in disease management. In: New Strategies Combating Bacterial Infection 2009; pp 229-253.
Mandal MD, Mandal S. Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011;1:154-160.
Molan PC. The Antibacterial Activity of Honey. Bee World 1992;73:5-28.
Molan PC. The evidence and the rationale for the use of honey as wound dressing. Wound Practice Research 2011;19:204-220.
Paiva LA, Gurgel LA, Silva RM, Tomé AR, Gramosa NV, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of kaurenoic acid, a diterpene from Copaifera langsdorffi on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2002;39:303-307.
Gomes NM, Rezende CM, Fontes SP, Matheus ME, Fernandes PD. Antinociceptive activity of Amazonian Copaiba oils. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;109:486-492.
Garrido AD, Lia RC, França SC, da Silva JF, Astolfi-Filho S, et al. Laboratory evaluation of the physicochemical properties of a new root canal sealer based on Copaifera multijuga oil-resin. Int Endod J 2010;43:283-291.
Musale PK, Soni AS. Clinical pulpotomy trial of copaifera langsdorffii oil resin versus formocresol and white mineral trioxide aggregate in primary teeth. Pediatr Dent 2016;38:5-12.
Halawany HS. A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. Saudi Dent J 2012;24:63-69.
Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Indian J Dent Res 1999;10:23-26.
Al-Azzawi AJ. The antibacterial effect of herbal alternative, green tea and Salvadora Persica (Siwak) extracts on Entercoccus faecalis. J Bagh Coll Dent 2015;27:1-5.
Mohammed N, Selivany B. Antibacterial efficacy of different herbal based irrigant solutions in deciduous teeth. J Clin Diagn Res 2021;15:15-19.
Venkateshbabu N, Anand S, Abarajithan M, Sheriff SO, Jacob PS, et al. Natural therapeutic options in endodontics - a review. Open Dent J 2016;10:214-226.
Farooq S, Lone N, Sidiq M. Recent irrigating solutions and systems in pediatric dentistry: a review. Int J Vet Sci Med 2021;10:15-20.
Talaei-Khozani T, Vojdani Z, Dehghani F, Heidari E, Kharazinejad E, et al. Toxic effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit extract on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in mouse limb buds. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2011;36:63-70.
Issue | Vol 10, No 2, 2025 (In Press) | |
Section | Review Article(s) | |
Keywords | ||
Herbal medicine Irrigation Medicament Primary teeth Pulp therapy |
Rights and permissions | |
![]() |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |