Definition, Treatment and Special Role of Catarrh in Perspective of Traditional Persian Medicine
Abstract
Catarrh is a common problem everyone experiences many times in his lifetime. According to Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM), Catarrh is related to the terms:”Zokam” and “Nazleh”. Zokam is defined as drainage of secretions through the nasal passage and Nazleh is defined as flow of them into the posterior nasal space and the oropharynx; Nazleh flows can also spread to the lungs, esophagus, stomach and some other organs and cause various complaints. Medieval Iranian physicians had paid special attention to appropriate treatment of Nazleh because they believed it is the source for many chronic diseases. According to the organ affected by Nazleh various diseases was expected from head to toe. Despite the great advances in medical treatments in recent years, effective drugs are still needed to control the clinical manifestations of catarrh. Drug resistance and the complications of the drugs make this requirement more apparent. Some of the herbs that were prescribed by former physicians have indicated concomitant therapeutic effects in recent researches so it seems that some components of the herbs can be beneficial in producing new drugs. It is hoped that a review on therapeutic methods of TPM will prompt further clinical benefits.
In this study, we reviewed several valuable TPM text books and collected the master viewpoints about etiology, semiology and treatment of Catarrh (Zokam and Nazleh), then we searched through some scientific databases including PubMed and Google Scholar to match the findings with the new research. The aim was to express the importance of these complaints and suggest convenient methods to treat them; considering that preventing and treating of some chronic diseases may relate to proper approach to Nazleh.
Cathcart R, Wilson J. Should chronic catarrh patients seen in primary care be referred for further investigations? Int J Clin Pract 2011;65:985-988.
Choopani R, Kaveh S, Sadr S, Dehghan S, Kaveh N, Mosaddegh M. Relationship Between Cerebrospinal Fluid and Catarrh According to Avicenna. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis 2016 ;4:e36431.
Sylvester DC, Karkos PD, Vaughan C, Johnston J, Dwivedi RC, Atkinson H, et al. Chronic cough, reflux, postnasal drip syndrome, and the otolaryngologist. Int J Otolaryngol 2012;2012.
Razi M. Al-Mansoori fi Teb. Al-Monazama Al-Arabia Al-Tarbia va Al-Seghafa va Al-Olum. Kuwait 1987.
Ibn Sina H. Al-Qanun fi Al-Teb. Sorush. Tehran 1989.
Chashti MA. Exir-e Azam. Research Institute for Islamic & Complementary Medicine. Tehran 2008.
Majoosi Ahwazi A. Kamel Al-Sanaat Al-Tebbieh. Jalal al-din. Qom 2008.
Aghili khorasani MH. Kholase-Al-Hekmah. Ismaeilian. Qom 2006.
Aghili khorasani MH. Moalejat-e Aghili. Iran University of medical sciences. Tehran 2008.
Kermani IN. Sharh Al-Asbab va Al-Alamat. Institute of natural medicine’s revival. Tehran 2009.
Arzani MA. Teb-e Akbari. Jalal al-din. Qom 2008.
Jorjani SI. Zakhireye Kharazmshahi. The academy of medical sciences publication. Tehran 2009.
Heravi M. Bahr Al-Javaher. Jalal al-din. Qom 2008.
Ghamari bokhari H. Al-Tanvir. Iran University of medical sciences. Tehran 2008.
AbdolHamid, KabirAl-din, Zohoori A, Abdol Aziz M, Alrahman F. Ghamoos Al-Qanon. 1st ed. Iran University of medical sciences. Tehran.
Damkier HH, Brown PD, Praetorius J. Cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus. Phys rev 2013;93:1847-1892.
Orešković D, Klarica M. The formation of cerebrospinal fluid: nearly a hundred years of interpretations and misinterpretations. Brain Res Rev 2010;64:241-262.
Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med 2012;4: 111-147.
Yoffey J. Passage of fluid and other substances through the nasal mucosa.
J Laryngol Otol 1958;72:377-384.
Jorjani SI. Al-Aghraz Al-Tebieh va Al-Mabahes Al-Alaeieh. Tehran University publication. Tehran 2006.
Chaqmini Kharazmi M. Qanunche fi Al-Teb. Almaei. Tehran 2012.
Choopani R, Emtiazi M, Tansaz M, Khodadoot M. Asbab va alaem (Alamat shenesi va tashkhis-e bimariha dar teb-e sonnati-e Iran). Faraz andish sabz. Tehran 2009.
Nahas R, Balla A. Complementary and alternative medicine for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Can Fam Physician 2011;57:31-36.
Gharashi I. Al-Mujez fi Teb. Dar Al-Mahaja Al-Bayza. Beirut 2002.
Razi B. Kholase Al-Tajarob. Tehran University publication. Tehran 2003.
Arzani MA. Mizan Al-Teb. Noor-e Vahy. Qom 2010.
Razi M. Borˆ Al-Saat. Safir-e Ardehal. Tehran 2011.
Yusufoglu HS, Alam A, Zaghloul AM, Al-salkini MA, Alam P. Comparative anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of astragalus gummifer labill herb and roots in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014;11:268-274.
Fatrcová-Šramková K, Nôžková J, Kačániová M, Máriássyová M, Rovná K, Stričík M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of monofloral bee pollen. J Environ Sci Health B 2013;48:133-138.
Heydari M, Hashem Hashempur M, Zargaran A. Medicinal aspects of opium as described in Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine. Acta Med Hist Adriat 2013;11:101-112.
Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nabavi SM, Nabavi SF, Bahramian F, Bekhradnia AR. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of H. officinalis L. var. angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcana and C. speciosum. Pak J Pharm Sci 2010;23:29-34.
Qasemzadeh MJ, Sharifi H, Hamedanian M, Gharehbeglou M, Heydari M, Sardari M. The effect of Viola odorata flower syrup on the cough of children with asthma: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015;20:287-291.
Saki J, Khademvatan S, Pazyar N, Eskandari A, Tamoradi A, Nazari P. In vitro activity of Cordia myxa Mucilage extract against Leishmania major and L. infantum promastigotes. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015;8:46-48.
Aberoumand A. Natural compounds with Antioxidant properties in selected plant foods. Int J Agric Food Sci 2011;1:27-29.
Al-Awadi FM, Srikumar T, Anim J, Khan I. Antiinflammatory effects of Cordia myxa fruit on experimentally induced colitis in rats. Nutrition 2001;17:391-396.
Yang R, Yuan B-C, Ma Y-S, Zhou S, Liu Y. The anti-inflammatory activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese herb. Pharm Biol 2017;55:5-18.
Xing G-X, Li N, Wang T, Yao M-Y. Advances in studies on flavonoids of licorice. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2003;28:593-597.
Ayrle H, Mevissen M, Kaske M, Nathues H, Gruetzner N, Melzig M. Medicinal plants–prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2016;12:89-94.
Rahmani AH. Cassia fistula Linn: Potential candidate in the health management. Pharmacognosy Res 2015;7:217.
Bhalodia NR, Nariya PB, Acharya RN, Shukla VJ. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of Cassia fistula Linn. fruit pulp extracts Ayu 2012;33:123-129.
Zengin G, Uysal A, Gunes E, Aktumsek A. Survey of phytochemical composition and biological effects of three extracts from a wild plant (Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. et Mey.): a potential source for functional food ingredients and drug formulations. PLoS One 2014;9:e113527.
Amiri MS, Joharchi MR, TaghavizadehYazdi ME. Ethno-medicinal plants used to cure jaundice by traditional healers of Mashhad, Iran. Iran J Pharm Res 2014;13:157.
Lee Y-M, Han S-I, Song BC, Yeum K-J. Bioactives in commonly consumed cereal grains: implications for oxidative stress and inflammation. J Med Food 2015;18:1179-1186.
Yildirim AB, Karakas FP, Turker AU. In vitro antibacterial and antitumor activities of some medicinal plant extracts, growing in Turkey. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2013;6:616-624.
Marasini BP, Baral P, Aryal P, Ghimire KR, Neupane S, Dahal N. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some traditionally used medicinal plants against human pathogenic bacteria. Biomed Res Int 2015;4:13-15.
Munir N, Iqbal AS, Altaf I, Bashir R, Sharif N, Saleem F. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of two endangered plant species atropa belladonna and matricaria chamomilla. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014;11:111-117.
Kondeva-Burdina M, Krasteva I, Mitcheva M. Effects of rhamnocitrin 4-β-D-galactopyranoside, isolated from Astragalus hamosus on toxicity models in vitro. Pharmacogn Mag 2014;10(Suppl 3):S487.
Benedec D, Hanganu D, Oniga I, Tiperciuc B, Olah N-K, Raita O. Assessment of rosmarinic acid content in six Lamiaceae species extracts and their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Pak J Pharm Sci 2015;28:2297-2303.
Yadav D, Mudgal V, Agrawal J, Maurya A, Bawankule D, Chanotiya C. Molecular docking and ADME studies of natural compounds of Agarwood oil for topical anti-inflammatory activity. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2013;9:360-370.
Mohammed NK, Abd Manap MY, Tan CP, Muhialdin BJ, Alhelli AM, Meor Hussin AS. The Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Properties, Chemical Composition, and Thermal Behavior of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Oil. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016;5:31-33.
Shaaban HA, Sadek Z, Edris AE, Saad-Hussein A. Analysis and antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa essential oil formulated in microemulsion system. J Oleo Sci 2015;64:223-232.
Boskabady MH, Vahedi N, Amery S, Khakzad MR. The effect of Nigella sativa alone, and in combination with dexamethasone, on tracheal muscle responsiveness and lung inflammation in sulfur mustard exposed guinea pigs. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;13:1028-1034.
El Youbi AEH, El Mansouri L, Boukhira S, Daoudi A, Bousta D. In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Cistus ladanifer L. From Morocco. Am J Ther 2016;23:e1554-e1559.
Duraipandiyan V, Al-Harbi NA, Ignacimuthu S, Muthukumar C. Antimicrobial activity of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from traditional medicinal plant, Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.) Sm. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012;12:13-14.
Kosalec I, Pepeljnjak S, Kustrak D. Antifungal activity of fluid extract and essential oil from anise fruits (Pimpinella anisum L., Apiaceae). Acta Pharm 2005;55:377-379.
Chaudhry N, Tariq P. Bactericidal activity of black pepper, bay leaf, aniseed and coriander against oral isolates. Pak J Pharm Sci 2006;19:214-218.
Vittori Gouveia LA, Cardoso CA, de Oliveira GMM, Rosa G, Moreira ASB. Effects of the Intake of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) and derivatives on oxidative stress: A systematic review. J Med Food 2016;19:337-345.
Kumar CM, Singh SA. Bioactive lignans from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial effects for food applications. J Food Sci Technol 2015;52:2934-2941.
Ishida M, Nishi K, Kunihiro N, Onda H, Nishimoto S, Sugahara T. Immunostimulatory effect of aqueous extract of Coriandrum sativum L. seed on macrophages. J Sci Food Agric 2017.
Razack S, Kumar KH, Nallamuthu I, Naika M, Khanum F. Antioxidant, Biomolecule Oxidation Protective Activities of Nardostachys jatamansi DC and Its Phytochemical Analysis by RP-HPLC and GC-MS. Antioxidants 2015;4:185-203.
Ma X, Ma X, Ma Z, Wang J, Sun Z, Yu W. Effect of Hyssopus officinalis L. on inhibiting airway inflammation and immune regulation in a chronic asthmatic mouse model. Exp Ther Med 2014;8:1371-1374.
Turan A, Celik I. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of dried fig against oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2016;91:554-559.
Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Anwar F, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Alhagi: a plant genus rich in bioactives for pharmaceuticals. Phytother Res 2015;29:1-13.
Snuossi M, Trabelsi N, Ben Taleb S, Dehmeni A, Flamini G, De Feo V. Laurus nobilis, Zingiber officinale and Anethum graveolens Essential Oils: Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities against Bacteria Isolated from Fish and Shellfish. Molecules 2016;21:1414-1416.
Oshaghi EA, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H, Goodarzi MT. Aqueous extract of Anethum Graveolens L. has potential antioxidant and antiglycation effects. Iran J Med Sci 2016;41:328.
Remberg P, Björk L, Hedner T, Sterner O. Characteristics, clinical effect profile and tolerability of a nasal spray preparation of Artemisia abrotanum L. for allergic rhinitis. Phytomedicine 2004;11:36-42.
Bergendorff O, Sterner O. Spasmolytic flavonols from Artemisia abrotanum. Planta Med 1995;61:370-371.
Saeidi S, Hassanpour K, Ghamgosha M, Heiat M, Taheri RA, Mirhosseini A. Antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of Mentha longifolia L. and hydroalcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora Boiss. plants against important human pathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014;7:S186-S189.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 3, No 2, 2018 | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Catarrh Postnasal drip PND Iranian traditional medicine Zokam Nazleh | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
