Grief Management based on Persian Medicine
Abstract
Grief is an unavoidable emotional reaction against the death of beloved ones that can lead to psychiatric disorders. Persian medicine (PM) scholars have made considerable recommendations regarding emotional reactions including grief. This research was carried out by studying outstanding PM textbooks (Canon of Medicine, Zakhireye Kharazmshahi, ExirAzamand kholasa al hekma) with specific keywords related to the emotional reaction, then a series of database queries (PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct) were performed to reconfirm the efficacy of PM recommendations by conventional medicine. PM physicians considered emotional reactions as one of the most important factors in physical or mental dysfunction. They treated bereaved patients based on their mental and cardiovascular conditions. They used a combination of appropriate nutrition, herbal medicines (Amygdalus communis L., Cinnamomum zylanicum, Crocus sativus L., Cydonia oblonga etc.), physical movement (exercise, massage therapy, game etc.) and psychotherapy (music therapy, aromatherapy etc.) for grief resolution. PM is one of the old paradigms of medicine that can improve psychological and physical complications of grief. Grief is one of the debilitative emotions that can influence patient quality of life so it is important and necessary that health authorities and physicians employ the total potential of medical science for patients’ treatment and rehabilitation.
Maccallum F, Malgaroli M, Bonanno GA. Networks of loss: Relationships among symptoms of prolonged grief following spousal and parental loss. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2017;126(5):652-62.
Shear MK, Ghesquiere A, Glickman K. Bereavement and complicated grief. Current psychiatry reports. 2013;15(11):406.
Harvey J. Consolation of lonely human: Guidelines for prevailing over loss and traumas. Tehran: Yazdani publication. 2005.
Khoo S. Acute grief with delirium in an elderly: holistic care. Malaysian family physician: the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia. 2011;6(2-3):51-7.
Widera EW, Block SD. Managing grief and depression at the end of life. American family physician. 2012;86(3):259-64.
Behrman RE, Field MJ. When children die: Improving palliative and end-of-life care for children and their families: National Academies Press; 2003.
Zargaran A, Ahmadi S, Daneshamouz S, Mohagheghzadeh A. Ancient Persian pharmaceutical vessels and tools in Iranian archaeological museums. Pharmaceutical historian. 2012;42(4):68-71.
Avicenna H. Al-Qanoon fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine): Beirut: Dare Ehia Attorath Al Arabi; 2005.
Jorjani E. Zakhire Kharazmshahi [The Treasure of King Khwarazm]: Qom: Ehyaye Teb Institute; 2011.
Zargaran A, Kordafshari G, Hosseini SR, Mehdizadeh A. Akhawayni (?–983 AD): A Persian neuropsychiatrist in the early medieval era (9th–12th Century AD). Journal of medical biography. 2016;24(2):199-201.
Chashti M. Exir-e-Azam [Great Elixir]: Tehran: Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine; 2008.
Kermani MK. Daqaeq-al Alaj: Zia Ebrahimi I, editor. Kerman: Saadat Press; 1983.
Aghili Khorasani shirazi M. Kholassat Al-Hekmah (The Principals of Traditional Iranian Medicine): Nazem E editor. Qom- Iran: Es¬maeilian; 2006.
Arzani MA. Teb-e-Akbari [Akbari’s Medicine]: Ehya Teb e Tabiee O, editor. Tehran: Jalaleddin Press; 2008.
Jorjani SI. Al- Aghraz al- Tebbieh va al- Mabahes al-Alayieh: Tehran: Tehran University Press; 2005.
Akhawayni A. Hedayat al-mota’allemin fi al-tibb (An educational guide for medical students): Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publication; 1992.
Lee J-H, Kim H-E, Kang J-H, Shin J-Y, Song Y-M. Factors associated with hemorrhoids in korean adults: korean national health and nutrition examination survey. Korean journal of family medicine. 2014;35(5):227-36.
Utz RL, Caserta M, Lund D. Grief, depressive symptoms, and physical health among recently bereaved spouses. The Gerontologist. 2011;52(4):460-71.
Rajiah K, Veettil SK, Kumar S, Mathew EM. Psychological impotence: Psychological erectile dysfunction and erectile dysfunction causes, diagnostic methods and management options. Scientific Research and Essays. 2013;7(4):446-52.
Prigerson H. Traumatic Grief, Disability, and the Underutilization of Heakth Services A Preliminary Examination Primary Psychiatry. 2001;8:61-6.
Olsen J, Li J, Precht D. Hospitalization because of diabetes and bereavement: a national cohort study of parents who lost a child. Diabetic medicine. 2005;22(10):1338-42.
O’Connor M, Piet J, Hougaard E. The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on depressive symptoms in elderly bereaved people with loss-related distress: a controlled pilot study. Mindfulness. 2014;5(4):400-9.
Chen JH, Gill TM, Prigerson HG. Health behaviors associated with better quality of life for older bereaved persons. Journal of palliative medicine. 2005;8(1):96-106.
Li J, Chan JS, Chow AY, Yuen LP, Chan CL. From body to mind and spirit: Qigong exercise for bereaved persons with chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;2015.
Conley VM, Kempson D. Integrating massage into rural caregiving at end-of-life. Journal of palliative care. 2007;23(1):51-3.
Cronfalk BS, Ternestedt BM, Strang P. Soft tissue massage: early intervention for relatives whose family members died in palliative cancer care. Journal of clinical nursing. 2010;19(7‐8):1040-8.
Uvnäs-Moberg K, Petersson M. Oxytocin--biochemical link for human relations. Mediator of antistress, well-being, social interaction, growth, healing. Lakartidningen. 2004;101(35):2634-9.
Mazidi M, Shemshian M, Mousavi SH, Norouzy A, Kermani T, Moghiman T, et al. A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2016;13(2):195-9.
Shiina Y, Funabashi N, Lee K, Toyoda T, Sekine T, Honjo S, et al. Relaxation effects of lavender aromatherapy improve coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy men evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. International journal of cardiology. 2008;129(2):193-7.
Abdollahnejad F, Mosaddegh M, Kamalinejad M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Najafi F, Faizi M. Investigation of sedative and hypnotic effects of Amygdalus communis L. extract: behavioral assessments and EEG studies on rat. Journal of natural medicines. 2016;70(2):190-7.
Lavie L, Hefetz A, Luboshitzky R, Lavie P. Plasma levels of nitric oxide and L-arginine in sleep apnea patients. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 2003;21(1):57-63.
Peterson DW, George RC, Scaramozzino F, LaPointe NE, Anderson RA, Graves DJ, et al. Cinnamon extract inhibits tau aggregation associated with Alzheimer's disease in vitro. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2009;17(3):585-97.
Mollazadeh H, Emami SA, Hosseinzadeh H. Razi’s Al-Hawi and saffron (Crocus sativus): a review. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences. 2015;18(12):1153–66.
Talaei A, Moghadam MH, Tabassi SAS, Mohajeri SA. Crocin, the main active saffron constituent, as an adjunctive treatment in major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial. Journal of affective disorders. 2015;174:51-6.
Ettehadi H, Mojabi SN, Ranjbaran M, Shams J, Sahraei H, Hedayati M, et al. Aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus) increases brain dopamine and glutamate concentrations in rats. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science. 2013;3(03):315 - 9.
Lopresti AL, Drummond PD. Saffron (Crocus sativus) for depression: a systematic review of clinical studies and examination of underlying antidepressant mechanisms of action. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 2014;29(6):517-27.
Hajizadeh Moghaddam A, Kianmehr A. The Protective Effect Of Quince (Cydonia Oblonga Miller) Leaf Extract On Locomotor Activity And Anxiety-Like Behaviors In A Ketamine Model Of Schizophrenia. 2016;19(5):31-41.
Premanath R, Lakshmi Devi N. Studies on Anti-oxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Miers.) Leaves using in vitro models. Journal of American Science. 2010;6(10):736-43.
Singh N, Rajini P. Antioxidant-mediated protective effect of potato peel extract in erythrocytes against oxidative damage. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2008;173(2):97-104.
Sayyah M, Sayyah M, Kamalinejad M. A preliminary randomized double blind clinical trial on the efficacy of aqueous extract of Echium amoenum in the treatment of mild to moderate major depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2006;30(1):166-9.
Faryadian S, Sydmohammadi A, Khosravi A, Kashiri M, Faryadayn P, Abasi N. Aqueous Extract of Echium amoenum Elevate CSF Serotonin and Dopamine Level in Depression rat. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2014;7(1):137-42.
Ferreira A, Proença C, Serralheiro M, Araujo M. The in vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from Portugal. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006;108(1):31-7.
Parejo I, Viladomat F, Bastida J, Rosas-Romero A, Flerlage N, Burillo J, et al. Comparison between the radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity of six distilled and nondistilled Mediterranean herbs and aromatic plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50(23):6882-90.
Remington R, Chan A, Lepore A, Kotlya E, Shea TB. Apple juice improved behavioral but not cognitive symptoms in moderate-to-late stage Alzheimer’s disease in an open-label pilot study. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®. 2010;25(4):367-71.
Buchwald-Werner S, Vazquez I. Effects of a Melissa officinalis special extract on mood and cognitive function. Planta Medica. 2015;81(16):SL5C_01.
Wake G, Court J, Pickering A, Lewis R, Wilkins R, Perry E. CNS acetylcholine receptor activity in European medicinal plants traditionally used to improve failing memory. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2000;69(2):105-14.
Kilic IH, Sarikurkcu C, Karagoz ID, Uren MC, Kocak MS, Cilkiz M, et al. A significant by-product of the industrial processing of pistachios: shell skin–RP-HPLC analysis, and antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of the methanol extracts of Pistacia vera L. shell skins cultivated in Gaziantep, Turkey. RSC Advances. 2016;6(2):1203-9.
Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C. Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? Free radical biology and medicine. 2004;36(7):838-49.
Esfandiary E, Karimipour M, Mardani M, Alaei H, Ghannadian M, Kazemi M, et al. Novel effects of Rosa damascena extract on memory and neurogenesis in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of neuroscience research. 2014;92(4):517-30.
Weeks BS. Formulations of dietary supplements and herbal extracts for relaxation and anxiolytic action: Relarian. Medical Science Monitor. 2009;15(11):256-62.
Singh MP, Vashisht S, Chawla V, Mishra P. Comparative antistress effect of Vitis vinifera and Withania somnifera using unpredictable chronic mild stress model in rats. Health Sciences. 2016;5(7):19-27.
Zhu L, Luo X, Jin Z. Effect of resveratrol on serum and liver lipid profile and antioxidant activity in hyperlipidemia rats. Asian Australasian Journal Of Animal Sciences. 2008;21(6):890-5.
Ammirati R, Hendrick ST, Lilienfeld SO. The demon test: who still believes mental illness is caused by demons? Skeptic (Altadena, CA). 2015;20(1):18-22.
Alexandros Argyriadis R. The Historical Approach of Psychopaths in Greece: An Endless Effort of Seeking Therapy for the Different Other. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 2017;10(1):590-5.
Shear MK. Grief and depression: treatment decisions for bereaved children and adults. American Psychiatric Association. 2009;166(7):746-8.
Gündel H, O’Connor M-F, Littrell L, Fort C, Lane RD. Functional neuroanatomy of grief: an FMRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160(11):1946-53.
Nummenmaa L, Glerean E, Hari R, Hietanen JK. Bodily maps of emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014;111(2):646-51.
Nakahara H, Furuya S, Obata S, Masuko T, Kinoshita H. Emotion‐related Changes in Heart Rate and Its Variability during Performance and Perception of Music. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;1169(1):359-62.
Nizami Q, Jafri M. Unani drug, Jadwar (Delphinium denudatum Wall.)—a review. 2006;5(4):463-7.
Gorji N, Moeini R. Singing as a rehabilitation method from the viewpoint of Avicenna (980? 1037 AD). npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine. 2017;27(16).
Zakeri S, Gorji N, Akhtari M, Moeini R. Splenectomy may have more complications than currently proven. Medical hypotheses. 2018 Mar 1;112:43-6..
Moeini R, Memariani Z, Pasalar P, Gorji N. Historical root of precision medicine: an ancient concept concordant with the modern pharmacotherapy. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017;25(7).
Gorji N, Moeini R, Memariani Z. Almond, hazelnut and walnut, three nuts for neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease: a neuropharmacological review of their bioactive constituents. Pharmacological research. 2017 Dec 5.
Files | ||
Issue | Vol 3, No 4, 2018 | |
Section | Short Communication(s) | |
Keywords | ||
Persian medicine; Grief; Psychiatric disorder; Herbal medicine |
Rights and permissions | |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |