The Concept of Temperaments in Traditional Persian Medicine
Abstract
Temperament is a key concept in comprehending the fundamentals of traditional medicine, based on which individuals are classified as healthy and ill. This principle plays an important role in determining ways to maintain good health and also in treating diseases. Recently receiving increasing attention in conventional medicine, the trend has progressed towards treating the individual rather than the illness in general. Accordingly, studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between temperament and proteomes in the human body. This article is an attempt to review the definition and classification of temperament, its modifying factors, and categorization of dystemperaments as discussed in Traditional Persian Medicine references. Clarifying this concept has a vital role in health recognition and maintenance, treatment of diseases as well as in traditional medicine studies.
Landis E, Davis S, Feldman S, Taylor S. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Dermatology in the USA. J Complement Med 2014;20:392-398.
Nahin R, McFann K, Barnes P, Powell-Griner E. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United S tates, 2002. Seminars in Integrative Medicine 2004;2:54-71.
WHO Traditional Medicine S trategy 2002-2005. Geneva 2002; pp. 1-3; pp. 43-47.
Aciduman A, Er U, Belen D. Peripheral nerve disorders and
treatment s trategies according to Avicenna in his medical
treatise, Canon of Medicine. Neurosurgery 2009;64:172-177.
Rezaeizadeh H, Alizadeh M, Naseri M, Shams-Ardakani MR. The Traditional Iranian Medicine Point of View on Health and Disease. Iran J Publ Health 2009;38:169-172.
Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology:
Enhanced E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences. United State 2010 [In English].
Roses AD. Pharmacogenetics and the practice of medicine.
Nature 2000;405:857-865.
Naseri M, Rezaeizadeh H, Taheripanah T, Naseri V. Iranian
traditional medicine theory and a variety of therapeutic response based on pharmacogenetics. IranTrad Med 2010;1:237-242.
The Holy Quran, Chapter 24, Verse 45; Chapter 35, Verse
; Chapter 49, Verse 13; Chapter 71, Verse 14.
Saduq MA. Al Emali, Vol 1. Ketabchi. Tehran 1997; p 446
[in Arabic].
Rothbart MK. Biological Processes in Temperament. Wi
ley. Sussex. England 1989; p29.
Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Ravaja N, Viikari J, Identifying
Cloninger’s temperament profiles as relatedto the early
development of the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in
young men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:1998-2006.
Hogan R, Johnson JA, Briggs SR, Handbook of personality
psychology. Academic Pr 1997; p 112 [In English].
John OP, Robins RW, Pervin LA, Handbook of personality:
Theory and research: The Guilford Press. 2008; p 403 [In English].
Cloninger CR, A sys tematic method for clinical description
and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:573-588.
Pulkki-Raback L, Temperament, socioeconomic s tatus and
cardiovascular risk. University of Helsinki 2004; p 92-99.
Hamburg MA, Collins FS, The path to personalized medicine.
N Engl J Med 2010;363:301-304.
Rafati, Vahid. Lawh-i-Hikmat: The Two Agents and the Two
Patients. Vol 5. Andalib. pp 29-38.
Heravi M. Bahr al-Jawaher. Jalaluddin Publications. Qom
; p 347 [in Arabic].
Alizadeh Vaghasloo M, Naghizadeh A, Babashahi N. The
Concept of the Haar-re-Gharizi and Hararate Gharizi: The Innate
Hot [Subs tance] and Heat. Trad Integr Med 2017;2:3-8.
Aghili Shirazi M. Khulasah al-Hikmah. Vol 1. Esma’ilian
Publications. Qom 2006; p 52; p 54; p 426 [In Persian].
Avicenna. The Canon of Medicine. Vol 1.AlMayi. Tehran 2014; p5; pp 67-71; p87; pp 301-304; p326; p362 [In Arabic].
Jorjani IIMa-H. Zakhirah -E- Kharazm Shahi. Bonyade frahange
Iran. Tehran 1976; p 23; p 25. [In Persian].
Alizadeh Vaghasloo M, Zareian MA, Soroushzadeh SMA. The Concept of Nozj. Trad Integr Med 2016;1:133-135.
Ahvazi AA. Kamel al-Sana’a al-Tebbiya.Vol 3. Jalaluddin Publications. Ins titute of Natural Medicine Res toration.
Qom 2008; p 434 [In Arabic].
Razi M. Al-Mansori fi-Teb. The Uni of Med Sci. Tehran
; p 41; p 163 [In Persian].
Safinejad J. Onsolmohaj and the Geography of the Seven
Aghaleems. Gozareshe Miraas 2013; 56:30-41[In Persian].
Arzani HMA. Medicine. Mofarrah al Gholob. 1s t ed. Chogan. Tehran 2015; p 18 [In Persian].
Attarfar M, Ashrafzadeh F. Brain temperament in
Iranian medicine. J Islm Iran Trad Med 2015; 6:1-8.
Jabr F. Know your Neurons: What is the ratio of glia to
neurons in the brain. SciAm 2012; Available from: https://
blogs.scientificamerican.com/brainwaves/know-your-neurons-
what-is-the-ratio-of-glia-to-neurons-in-the-brain/
Aghili Shirazi M. Makhzan Al Adviyeh. 8th ed. Sabzarang.
Tehran 2014; p 173; p 225; p 278; p 472 [In Persian].
Rezadoos t H, Karimi M, Jafari M, Protemics of hot-wet and
cold-dry temperaments proposed in Iranian traditional medicine:
a network-based s tudy. Sci Rep 2016;6:30133.
Parvinroo SH, Kamalinejad M, Sabetkasaei M. Pharmacological
Concepts of Temperament in Iranian Traditional Medicine. Iran J Publ Health 2014;43:1463-1465.
Emtiazy M, Keshavarz M, Khodadoos t M, Kamalinejad M,
Gooshahgir SA, Shahrad Bajes tani H. Relation between Body Humors and Hypercholes terolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on the Teaching of Avicenna. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2012;14:133-138.
Alizadeh Vaghasloo M, Naghizadeh A, Keshavarz M. The Concept of Pulse. Trad Integr Med 2017;2:54-60.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 2, No 3, 2017 | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Temperament Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) Avicenna Mizaj Blood Production and Distribution Doctrine | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
